L Alex. Agassiz. ^ibrarg of % Utscum OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. jFountJeTi b» prfbate suliscrfptfon, fn 1861. Deposited by Alex. Agassiz from the Library of LOUIS AGASSIZ. No. 4-8 . 4, together with m. 3, are more or less incomplete, and will be found concealed in their closed alveoli f. The last deciduous molar, d. 4, has the same relative superiority of size to d. 3 and d. 2, which m. 3 bears to m. 2 and m. 1 ; and the * Outlines of a Classification of the Mammalia, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii. p. 330 (1839). t I recommend this easily acquired ' suhject ' to the young zoologist for a demonstration of the most instructive peculiarities of the mammalian dentition. He will see that the premolars must displace deciduous molars in order to rise into place : the molars have no such relations. Or THE CLASS MAMMALIA. 9 crowns of p. 3 and p. 4 are of a more simple form than those of the milk-teeth, which they are destined to succeed. When the milk- teeth are shed, and the permanent ones are all in place, their kinds are indicated, in the genus Sns, hy the following formula : — • 3—3 1 — l 4—4 3—3 ,, . *-3=5> c.—, p.—, m.—=U: which signifies that there are on each side of both upper and lower jaws 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, and 3 molars, making in all 44 teeth, each tooth being distinguished by its appropriate symbol, e. g., p. 1 to p. 4, m. 1 to m. 3. This number of teeth is never sur- passed in the placental Diphyodont series. When the premolars and the molars are below this typical number, the absent teeth are missing from the fore part of the premolar series, and from the back part of the molar series. The most constant teeth are the fourth premolar and the first true molar ; and these being known by their order and mode of deve- lopment, the homologies of the remaining molars and premolars are determined by counting the molars from before backwards, e.g. ' one,' ' two,' ' three,' and the premolars from behind foricards, 'four,' 'three,' 'two,' 'one.' The incisors are counted from the median Hue, commonly the foremost part, of both upper and lower jaws, outwards and backwards. The first incisor of the right side is the homotype, transversely, of the contiguous incisor of the left side in the same jaw, and vertically, of its opposing tooth in the opposite jaw ; and so with regard to the canines, pre- molars, and molars ; just as the right arm is the homotype of the left arm in its own segment, and also of the right leg of a succeed- ing segment. It suffices, therefore, to reckon and name the teeth of one side of either jaw in a species with the typical number and kinds of teeth, e. g. the first, second, and third incisors, — the first, second, third, and fourth premolars, — the first, second, and third molars ; and of one side of both jaws in any case. I have been indixced to dwell thus long on the dental characters of the class Mammalia, because they have not been clearly or accurately defined in any systematic or elementary work on zoo- logy, although an accurate formula and notation of the teeth are of more use and value in characterizing genera in this than in any other class of animals. I next proceed to review briefly the principal primary divisions of the Mammalia hitherto proposed. The best authorities in Natural History have adopted different characters, drawn from different systems of organs, for the primary groups or divisions of the class Mammalia. 10 PROFESSOR OAVEN ON THE CHARACTERS, ETC. Aristotle chose the locomotive system, and divided his Zootoka — the equivalent of the Linnean Mammalia — into three sec- tions : — 1st, Dipoda, or bipeds ; 2nd, Tetrapoda, or quadrupeds ; and 3rd, Apoda, or impeds. The preponderating second group, which includes all the class save the Human-kind and the Whale- tribe, is subdivided into those with claws, and those with hoofs. The unguiculate quadrupeds are again subdivided according to the nature of their teeth ; the ungidate quadrupeds, according to the divisions of their hoofs, as e.g. into Polyschidce, or multungulates, Discliiclce, or bisulcates, and AscJiidce, or solidungulates. I need scarcely remark that this, in most respects admirable, system, would have commanded greater attention, and been now recognized as more manifestly the basis of later systems, had its immortal au- thor more technically expressed his appreciation of the law of the subordination of characters ; but he applies to each of his groups, whatever their value, the same denomination, viz. genos, or genus. Ray, with a less philosophical appreciation of the extent and nature of the class Zootoka or Mammalia, arranges his equivalent group of "Viviparous Four-footed Animals" chiefly on the Ari- stotelian characters ; the primary division being into Ungulate and Unghicttlate, and the subdivisions being based on locomo- tive and dental characters. Linnaeus, restoring the class Mammalia to its Aristotelian inte- grity, primarily subdivides it into TJngtjiculata, TTngtjlata, and Mtjtica, the latter being the 'Apoda' of Aristotle : the secondary groups or orders are founded chiefly on modifications of the dental system. Cuvier, adopting the same threefold primary division of the class, subdivides it into better and more naturally defined orders, according to various characters derived from the dental, the osseous, generative, and the locomotive systems. Illiger, in primarily dividing the Mammalia into those with free, and those with fettered limbs — the ' pedes exserti distincti,' con- trasted with the ' pedes retracti obvoluti,' — made a more unequal and less natural partition than the threefold one of Aristotle ; the Seals and the Whales balance all the rest of the class in the Illigerian system. The subdivisions, also, of these primary groups, based exclusively on characters of locomotion, have met with little acceptance beyond some of the schools of Germany. De Blainville appears first, 1816, to have adopted a character from the reproductive system for the primary division of the Mammalia, viz. into the ' Monodelphes,' ' Didelphes,' and 'Ornitho- OF THE CLASS MAMMALIA. 11 delphes.' His orders are in the main a return to the Linneau sy T stem and nomenclature, with some peculiar views, as e.g. of the quadrumanous or primatial affinity of the Sloths, which have never gained acceptance. But his system indicates a clearer apprecia- tion or stronger conviction of the value of the character of parity and imparity in the number of toes of the Ungulata, first sug- gested by Cuvier*, than was subsequently entertained by the originator of the idea. The position of the marsupial and monotrematous quadrupeds at the bottom of the class Mammalia, and the higher value assigned to the group which they constituted, than that in the 'Eegne Ani- mal ' of Cuvier, were ideas also in closer conformity with nature. They were, however, but surmises, unstistained by anatomical knowledge ; and, as such, failed to carry conviction, or gain ac- ceptance. Nor was it until comparative anatomy had shown that the Marsupials and Monotremes agreed in differing from all other mammals in the absence of a placenta, and of the great commissure of the brain, in certain bird-like characters of the heart f, and from all other diphyodont Mammals in a less number of premolars, and a greater number of true molars, — depending essentially on the retention of a milk-tooth (m. 4), which is displaced and changed in the placental diphyodonts, — that the true affinities of the didel- phid and ornithodelphid mammals to each other, and their true position in the class Mammalia, were finally recognized. In the ' Systema Vertebratorum,' communicated in 1840 to the Linnean Society by that accomplished and indefatigable zoologist Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte, the primary subdivision of the Mammalia according to developmental and generative characters is adopted ; and the first division or series Blacentalia is sub- divided, agreeably with M. Jourdan's distribution of Mammalia in the Leyden Museum, into the two subclasses BdiicaUlia and Ineducahilia, the latter including the orders Bruta, Cheiroptera, Insectivora and Bodentia, with the common character of ' cere- brum unilobum.' This I regard as the most important improve- ment in the classification of the Mammalia, which has been pro- posed since the establishment of the natural character of the implacental or ovo-viviparous division. Cuvier had early noticed the relation of the Australian mam- mals, as a small collateral series, to the unguiculate mammals of * Ossemens Fossiles, 4to. ed. 1812, p. 9 ; torn. iii. ed. 1822, p. 72. t On the Classification of the Marsupialia, Zoological Transactions, vol. ii. p. 315 (1839). 12 PEOFESSOE OWEN ON THE CHAEACTEES, ETC. the rest of the world, " some," he writes, " corresponding with the Carnaria, some with the Hodentia, and others again with the Edentata*.'''' M. Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in his ' Classification paralle- lique des Mammiferes,' published in 1845, raises the Marsupialia to the rank of a distinct class, and literally exemplifies the idea of Cuvier by placing its subdivisions, as orders, in parallel equivalents with the orders of the Placentalia. It does not appear, however, that Cuvier meant to do more than indicate certain relations of analogy ; just as the relation of the pedimanous and frugivorous Marsupials to the pedimanous Quadrumana of S. America, that of the marsupial Hyaena (Tliyla- cimis) to the Wolf, of the Flying Petaurist to the Flying Squirrel, of the Wombat to the Beaver, of the Kangaroo to the Ruminant, of the Koala to the phytiphagous Sunbear, of the Opossums to the Shrews, and of the Echidna to the Anteater, &c, had been pointed out by myself. My esteemed friend and colleague Mr. Waterhouse, whilst admitting the justness of some of these com- parisons, appended a timely warning, in a valuable note in his comprehensive and excellent history of the Marsupialia-f, against the mistake to which the young zoologist might be liable, of con- cluding the analogical groups of the Marsupialia and Placentalia thus indicated to be of equal rank and value. I have always par- ticipated in this conviction of the lower value of the Implacentalia as compared with the Placentalia ; and have used those terms merely as useful collective or general signs of certain modifica- tions of structure, which are associated with the development and non-development of the placenta. In like manner, when indicating the highest generalization to which I had arrived after comparisons of the dentition of the Mammalia, by the terms ' monophyodont ' and ' diphyodont J,' signifying respectively the single and double set of teeth deve- loped in different groups of the class, I have been careful to guard myself from being misunderstood, as supposing that the monophyo- * Regne Animal, ed. 1829, vol. i. p. 174. t Natural History of the Mammalia, 8vo. 1815, part i. p. 14. I must remark, however, that in stating " by Prof. Owen and some other naturalists, the present section (Marsitpiata) is ranked as a subclass," the reader, from the peculiarly extended signification given to the term ' Marsupiata,' might be mis- led. The Marsupialia form one of the orders of my subclass Implacentalia. See the articles 'Marsupialia' and ' Monotremata,' in the " Cyclopaedia of Ana- tomy," vol. hi. 1841. X Cyclopedia of Anatomy, part xxxtH. 1849. Pliil. Trans. 1850, p. 493. OF THE CLASS MAMMALIA. 13 dont Monotremata, Bruta, and Cetacea, formed an equivalent group with the diphyodont bulk of the Mammalia, or that the binary groups, defined by this single dental character, were natural ones. Nothing more than a passing allusion seems needed to the system of classifying the Mammalia on the modifications of the placenta, originally proposed by Sir Everard Home*, and since reproduced and modified by a few other naturalists. The group, e.g. associated by the character of the discoid placenta, is as little natural as that which would be composed on the basis of the diphyodont dentition, or the unguieulate feet. The association of the JRodentia and Insectivora with the Quadrumana, as in the latest modification of the placentary system f, is not likely to com- mand acceptance. The diffused placenta, as in the Mare, Por- poise, Peccari, Rhinoceros, and Camel, would lead to an equally heterogeneous assemblage. In two well-defined minor groups, e. g. the true Camivora and the true Muminantia, there exist characteristic modifications of the placenta, viz. the zonular and cotyledonal respectively ; but though the zonular type is common to the Camivora, it is not peculiar to them ; it is that of the placenta in the Hyrax and the Elephant, amongst the Ungulata. So likewise the cotyledonal type characterizes the placenta of the Sloth among the Bruta. Primary Divisions oftlie Mammalia. — The question or problem of the truly natural and equivalent primary groups of the class Mammalia has occupied much of my consideration, and has ever been present to my mind when gathering any new facts in the ana- tomy of the Mammalia, during dissections of the rarer forms which have died at the Zoological Gardens, or on other opportunities. The peculiar value of the leading modifications of the mammalian brain, in regard to their association with concurrent modifications in other important systems of organs, was illustrated in detail in the Hunterian Course of Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System, delivered by me at the Eoyal College of Surgeons in 1842. The ideas which were broached or suggested, during the delivery of that covirse, I have tested by every subse- quent acquisition of anatomical knowledge, and now feel myself justified in submitting to the judgement of the Linnean Society, with a view to publication, the following fourfold primary division of the mammalian class, based upon the four leading modifications of cerebral structure in that class. * Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, vol. iii. 4to. p. 445. t OrEKVAis, Zoologie et Paleontologie Francaise, 4to. 1853, p. 194. 14 PB0FESS0E OWEN ON THE CHABACTEBS, ETC. The brain is that part of the organization which, by its superior development, distinguishes the Mammalia from all the inferior classes of Vebtebbata ; and it is that organ which I now propose to show to be the one that by its modifications marks the best and most natural primary divisions of the class. In some mammals the cerebral hemispheres are but feebly and partially connected together by the ' fornix ' and ' anterior commis- sure : ' in the rest of the class a part called ' corpus callosum ' is added, which completes the connecting or 'commissural ' apparatus. With the absence of this great superadded commissure* is asso- ciated a remarkable modification of the mode of development of the offspring, which involves many other modifications ; amongst which are the presence of the bones called ' marsupial,' and the non-development of the deciduous body concerned in the nourish- ment of the progeny before birth, called ' placenta ; ' the young in all this ' implacental ' division beiug brought forth prematurely, as compared with the rest of the class. This first and lowest primary group, or subclass, of Mammalia maybe termed, from its cerebral character, Lyencephalaj-, — signi- fying the comparatively loose or disconnected state of the cerebral hemispheres. The size of these hemispheres (fig. 1, a) is such that they leave exposed the olfactory ganglions (a), the cerebellum (c), and more or less of the optic lobes (b) ; their surface is generally smooth ; the anfractuosities, when present, are few and simple. The next well-marked stage in the development of the brain is where the corpus callosum (indicated in fig. 2, by the dotted lines d, d) is present, but connects cerebral hemispheres as little ad- vanced in bulk or outward character as in the preceding subclass ; the cerebrum (a) leaving both the olfactory lobes (a) and cerebel- lum (c) exposed, and being commonly smooth, or with few and simple convolutions in a very small proportion, composed of the largest members of the group. The mammals so characterized constitute the subclass Lissencephala* (fig. 2). In this subclass the testes are either permanently or temporarily concealed in the abdomen : there is a common external genito- urinary aperture in most ; two precaval veins (' superior ' or ' anterior venae cava? ') terminate in the right auricle. The squa- mosal in most, and the tympanic in many, retain their primitive separation as distinct bones. The orbits have not an entire rim * " On the Structure of the Brain in Marsupial Animals," Philos. Trans. 1837, p. 87. f Xuw, to loose ; eyiceQaXos, brain. J \«r ^° overrule; ey»ce0aAos, brain. Fig. 6. — Side view, Negro. OF THE CLASS MAMMALIA. 21 guide to a conception of tlie most natural primary groups of the class Mammalia, I next proceed to define the groups of se- condary importance, or the subdivisions of the foregoing sub- classes. In the Lyencephalous Mammalia some have the 'optic lobes' simple, others partly subdivided, or complicated by accessory ganglions, whence they are called ' bigeminal bodies.' The Lyencephala with simple optic lobes are ' edentulous ' or without calcified teeth, are devoid of external ears, scrotum, nipples, and marsupial pouch : they are true ' testiconda ;' they have a coracoid bone extending from the scapula to the sternum, and also an epicoracoid and episternum, as in Lizards ; they are un- guiculate and pentadactyle, with a supplementary tarsal bone supporting a perforated spur in the male. The order so charac- terized is called ' Monotremata,' in reference to the single excre- tory and generative outlet, which, however, is by no means pecu- liar to them among .Mammalia. The Monotremes are insectivo- rous, and are strictly limited to Australia and Tasmania. The Marsupialia are Mammals distinguished by a peculiar pouch or duplicature of the abdominal integument, which in the males is everted, forming a pendulous bag containing the testes ; and in the females is inverted, forming a hidden pouch containing the nipples and usually sheltering the young for a certain period after their birth : they have the marsupial hones in common with the Mo- notremes ; a much-varied dentition, especially as regards the number of incisors, but usually including 4 true molars ; and never more than 3 premolars*: the angle of the lower jaw is more or less invertedf. "With the exception of one genus, Didelphys, which is American, and another genus Ouscus, which is Malayan, all the known exist- ing Marsupials belong to Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. The grazing and browsing Kangaroos are rarely seen abroad in full daylight, save in dark rainy weather. Most of the Marsupialia are nocturnal. Zoological wanderers in Australia, viewing its plains and scanning its scrubs by broad daylight, are struck by the seem- ing absence of mammalian life ; but during the brief twilight and dawn, or by the light of the moon, numerous forms are seen to * " Outlines of a Classification of the Marsupialia," Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii. 1839. f For other Osteological and Dental characteristics of the Marsupialia, see the paper above cited, and that " On the Osteology of the Marsupialia," Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii. p. 379 (1838). 22 PROFESSOR OWEN ON THE CHARACTERS, ETC. emerge from their hiding-places and illustrate the variety of mar- supial life with which many parts of the continent ahound. "We may associate with their low position in the mammalian scale the prevalent habit amongst the Marsupialia of limiting the exercise of the faculties of active life to the period when they are shielded by the obscurity of night. The Lissencephala or smooth-brained Placentals form a group which I consider as equivalent to the Lyencephala or Implacentals ; and which includes the following orders, Hodentia, Insectivora, Cheiroptera and Bruta. The Bodentia are characterized by two large and long curved incisors in each jaw, separated by a wide interval from^the molars ; and these teeth are so constructed, and the jaw is so articulated, as to serve in the reduction of the food to small particles by acts of rapid and continued gnawing, whence the name of the order. The orbits are not separated from the tem- poral fossa?. The testes pass periodically from the abdomen into a temporary scrotum, and are associated with prostatic and vesi- cular glands. The placenta is commonly discoid, but is sometimes a circular mass (Cavy), or flattened and divided into three or more lobes (Lepus). The Beaver and Capybara are now the giants of the order, which chiefly consists of small, numerous, prolific and diversified unguiculate genera, subsisting wholly or in part on vege- table food. Some Eodents, e. g. the Lemmings, perforin remarkable migrations, the imprdse to which, unchecked by dangers or any surmountable obstacles, seems to be mechanical. Many Eodents build very artificial nests, and a few manifest their constructive iustinct in association. In all these inferior psychical manifesta- tions we are reminded of Birds. Many Eodents hibernate like Beptiles. They are distributed over all continents. The transition from the Marsupials to the Eodents is made by the Wombats ; and the transition from the Marsupials is made, by an equally easy step, through the smaller Opossums to the Insectivora. This term is given to the order of small smooth- brained Mammals, the molar teeth of which are bristled with cusps, and are associated with canines and incisors : they are unguiculate, plantigrade, and pentadactyle, and they have com- plete clavicles. The testes pass periodically from the abdomen into a temporary scrotum, and are associated with large pro- static and vesicular glands : like most other Lissencephala, the Insectivora have a discoid or cup-shaped placenta. Their place and office in South America and Australia are fulfilled by Marsu- pialia ; but true Insectivora exist in all tbe other continents. Oi? THE CLASS MAMMALIA. 23 The order Cheiroptera, with the exception of the modification of their digits for supporting the large webs that serve as wings, repeat the chief characters of the Insectivora ; but a few of the larger species are frugivorous and have corresponding modifica- tions of the teeth and stomach. The mamma? are pectoral in position, and the penis is pendulous in all Cheiroptera. The most remarkable examples of periodically torpid Mammals are to be found in the terrestrial and volant Insectivora. The frugivorous Bats differ much in dentition from the true Cheiroptera, and woidd seem to conduct through the Colugos or Flying Lemurs, directly to the Quadrumanous order. The Cheiroptera are cos- mopolitan. The order Bruta, called Edentata by Cuvier, includes two genera which are devoid of teeth ; the rest possess those organs, which, however, have no true enamel, are never displaced by a second series, and are very rarely implanted in the premaxillary bones. All the species have very long and strong claws. The ischium as well as the ilium unites with the sacrum ; the orbit is not divided from the temporal fossa. I have already adverted to the illustration of affinity to the oviparous Vertebrata which the Three-toed Sloths afford by the supernumerary cervical vertebrae supporting false ribs and by the convolution of the windpipe in the thorax ; and I may add that the unusual number — three and twenty pairs — of ribs, forming a very long- dorsal, with a short lumbar, region of the spine in the Two-toed Sloth, recalls a lacer- tine structure. The same tendency to an inferior type is shown by the abdominal testes, the single cloacal outlet, the low cerebral development, the absence of medullary canals in the long bones in the Sloths, and by the great tenacity of life and long-enduring irritability of the muscular fibre, in both the Sloths and Ant- eaters*. The order Bruta is but scantily represented at the present period. One genus, Manis or Pangolin, is common to Asia and Africa ; the Orycteropus is peculiar to South Africa ; the rest of * This latter vital character attracted the notice of the earliest observers of these animals. Thus Marcgrave and Piso narrate of the Sloth : — " Cor motum suum validissime retinebat, postquam exeniptum erat e corpore per semiho- rium : — exempto corde cseteris visceribus, multd post se niovebat et pedes lente contrahebat sicut dormituriens solet." Buffon, who quotes the above from the ' Historia Naturalis Brasilia?,' p. 322, well remarks, " Par ces rapports, ce quadrupede se rapproche non seulement de la tortue, dont il a la lenteur, mais encore des autres reptiles et de tous ceux qui n'ont pas un centre du sentiment unique et bicn distinct." — Hist. Naturelle, 4to, torn. xiii. p. 45. 24 PROFESSOR OWEN ON THE CHARACTERS, ETC. the order, consisting of the genera Myrmecophaga, or true Ant- eaters, Dasypus or Armadillos, and Brady pus or Sloths, are con- fined to South America. Having defined the orders or subdivisions of the two foregoing subclasses, I may remark that the Lyencepbala cannot be re- garded as equivalent merely to one of the orders, say Bodentia, of the Lissencepbala, without undervaluing the anatomical cha- racters which are so remarkable and distinct in the marsupial and monotrematous animals. The anatomical peculiarities of the eden- tulous Lyencepbala* appear to me to be, at least, of ordinal im- portance. In these deductions I hold the mean between those who, with Greoffroy St. Hilaire, woidd make of the Monotremata a distinct class of animals, or with De Blainville, a distinct subclass (Ornithodelplies) of Mammals f, and those who, with Cuvier, would make the Monotremes a mere family of the Edentata, or, with Mr. Waterhouse, a family of the Marsupiata%. In like manner, whilst I regard the Lyencepbala (Marsupiata of Waterhouse) as forming a group of higher rank than an order, I do not consider it as forming an equivalent primary group to that formed by all the placental Mammalia. It appears to me that the true value of the Lyencepbala or Im- placentalia is that of one of four primary divisions or subclasses of the Mammalia ; that its true equivalency is with the Lissencepbala, and that all it's analogical relations are to be found more truly in that smooth-brained subclass than in the Placentalia at large. The following Table exemplifies the correspondence of the groups in the Lyencephalous and Lissencephalous series : — LXENCEPHALA. LlSSENCEPHALA. Bhizophaga§ Burrowing Bodentia. Poephaga § Dipodidce and Leporidce. Petaurus Pteromys. Plialangistidce Sciuridce and prehensile-tailed arboreal Rodents. Phascolarctos Bradypus. Perameles and 3Iyrmecobius Erinaceidae. Chceropus Macroscelis. * See my article Monotremata, in the Cyclopaedia of Anatomy, part xxvi. 1841. t Osteographie, fascicule premier, 4to, 1839, p. 47. % Nat. Hist, of Mammalia, part i. 1845, p. 18. § See the * Classification of the Marsupialia,' in the Zoological Transactions, toI. ii. p. 232. of the class mammalia. 25 Lyencephala. Lissencepuala. Dideijyhys and Phascogale . . Soricidce. Dasyuridce Centetes, Gymnura. Echidna 3Ianis. Ornithorhynchus Orycteropus. The classification proposed by M. Gervais, already cited (p. 16), in which the Rodentia, Cheiroptera, and Insectivora are associated in the same high primary group with the Quadrumana and Bimana, is avowedly adopted from that previously proposed by Prof. Milne- Edwards*. In next proceeding to consider the subdivisions of the Gyren- eephala, we seem at first to descend in the scale in meeting with a group of animals in that subclass, having the form of Fishes ; but a high grade of mammalian organization is masked beneath this form. The Gyreneephala are primarily subdivided, according to modifications of the locomotive organs, into three series, for which the Linnean terms may well be retained ; viz. Mutilata, Ungulata and UnguicuJata, the maimed, the hoofed, and the clawed series. These characters can only be applied to the Gyrencephalous subclass ; i. e. they do not indicate natural groups, save in that section of the Mammalia. To associate the Lyencephala and Lissencephala with the unguiculate Gyreneephala into one great primary group, as in the Mammalian systems of Ray, Linnaeus and Cuvier, is a misapplication of a solitary character akin to that which would have founded a primary division on the discoid pla- centa or the diphyodont dentition. No one has proposed to asso- ciate the unguiculate Bird or Lizard with the unguiculate Ape ; and it is but a little less violation of natural affinities to associate the Monotremes with the Quadrumanes in the same primary (unguiculate) division of the Mammalian class. The three primary divisions of the Gyreneephala are of higher value than the ordinal divisions of the Lissencephala ; just as those orders are of higher value than the representative families of the Marsupials. The Mutilata, or the maimed Mammals with folded brains, are so called because their hind-limbs seem, as it were, to have been amputated ; they possess only the pectoral pair of limbs, and these in the form of fins : the hind end of the trunk expands into a broad, horizontally flattened, caudal fin. They have large brains with many and deep convolutions, are naked, and have neither neck, scrotum, nor external ears. * See note at p. 16. 26 PROFESSOR OWEN ON THE CHARACTERS, ETC. The first order, called Cetacea, in this division are either eden- tulous or monophyodont, and with teeth of one kind and usually of simple form. They are testiconda and have no ' vesiculae seminales.' The mammae are pudendal ; the placenta is diffused ; the external nostrils — single or double — are on the top of the head, and called spiracles or "blow-holes." They are marine, and, for the most part, range the unfathomable ocean ; though with certain geogra- phical limits as respects species. They feed on fishes or marine animals. The second order, called Sirenia, have teeth of different kinds, incisors which are preceded by milk-teeth, and molars with flat- tened or ridged crowns, adapted for vegetable food. The nostrils are two, situated at the upper part of the snout ; the lips are beset with stiff bristles ; the mammae are pectoral ; the testes are abdo- minal, as in the Cetacea, but are associated with vesiculae seminales. The Sirenia exist near coasts or ascend large rivers ; browsing on fuci, water plants or the grass of the shore. There is much in the organization of this order that indicates its affinity to members of the succeeding division. In the Ungulata the four limbs are present, but that portion of the toe which touches the ground is incased in a hoof, which blunts its sensibility and deprives the foot of prehensile power. With the limbs restricted to support and locomotion, the Ungu- lata have no clavicles : the fore-leg remains constantly in the state of pronation, and they feed on vegetables. A particular order, or suborder, of this group is indicated by certain South American genera, e.g. Toxodon and JVesodon*, with long, curved, rootless teeth, having a partial investment of enamel, and with certain peculiarities of cranial structure : the name Toxodontia is proposed for this order, all the representatives of which are extinct. A second remarkable order, most of the members of which have, also, passed away, is characterized by two incisors in the form of long tusks ; in one genus (DiiwtJierium) projecting from the under jaw, in another genus (J?lej)Jias) from the upper jaw, and in some of the species of a third genus (JSLastodoii) , from both jaws. There are no canines ; the molars are few, large and transversely ridged ; the ridges sometimes few and mammillate, often numerous and with every intermediate gradation. The nose is prolonged into a cylindrical trunk, flexible in all directions, highly sensitive, and terminated by a prehensile appendage like a finger : on this organ * Philosophical Transact ions, 1853, p. 291. OF THE CLASS MAMMALIA. 27 is founded the name Proboscidia given to the order. The feet are pentadactyle, but are indicated only by divisions of the hoof; the testes are abdominal; the placenta is annular*; the mamma? are pectoral. Both the present and preceding orders of Ungulata may be called aberrant : the dentition of the Toxodon, and several parti- culars of the organization of the Elephant, indicate an affinity to the Eodentia ; the cranium of the Toxodon, like that of the Dino- there, resembles that of the Sirenia in its remarkable modifications. The typical Ungulate quadrupeds are divided, according to the odd or even number of the toes, into Pebissodactyla and Abtio- DACTTLAf. In the perissodactyle or odd-toed Ungulata— odd-toed at least in regard to tbe hind-foot, — the dorso-lumbar vertebrae differ in number in different species, but are never fewer than twenty-two ; the femur has a third trochanter ; and the medullary artery does not penetrate the fore-part of its shaft. The fore-part of the astragalus is divided into two very unequal facets. The os magnum and the digitus medius which it supports are large, in some disproportionately so, and the digit is symmetrical : the same applies to the ectocuneiform and the digit which it supports in the hind-foot. If the species be horned, the horn is single ; or, if there be two, they are placed on the median line of the head, one behind the other, each being thus an odd horn. The nasals expand posteriorly. There is a well-developed post-tympanic process which is separated by the true mastoid from the paroccipital in the Horse, but unites with the lower part of the paroccipital in the Tapir, and seems to take the place of the mastoid in the Rhinoceros and Hyrax. The hinder half, or a larger proportion of the palatines enters into the formation of the posterior nares, the oblique aperture of which commences in advance either of the last molar, or, as in most, of the penultimate one. The pterygoid process has a broad and thick base, and is perforated lengthwise by the ectocarotid. The crown of from one to three of the hinder premolars is as complex as those of the molars J : that of the last lower milk-molar is commonly bi- lobed. To these osteological and dental characters may be added some important modifications of internal structure, as, e.g. the simple form of the stomach and the capacious and sacculated * Besides the annular placenta there is a subcircular villous patch at each pole of the chorionic bag, by which it derived additional attachment to the uterus, in the Elephant. t From 7reptdicTv\os, qui digitos habet impaves numero ; and apriov, par, ScuctvXos, digitus. % The extinct Lophiodonts form the sole known exception to this rule. 28 PROEESSOR OWEN ON THE CHARACTERS, ETC. caecum, which equally evince the mutual affinities of the odd- toed or perissodactyle hoofed quadrupeds, and their claims to be regarded as a natural group of the Ungulata. The placenta is replaced by a diffused vascular villosity of the chorion in all the recent genera of this order, excepting the little Hyrax, in which there is a localised annular placenta, as in the Elephant. But the diffused placenta occurs in some genera of the next group, showing the inapplicability of that character to exact classification. Many extinct genera, e.g. Coryphodon, PUolophus, Lqphiodon, Ta- pirotherimn, Palceotherium, Ancitherium, Hipparion, Acerotherium, Elasmotherium, &c, have been discovered, which once linked to- gether the now broken series of Perissodactyles, represented by the existing genera Rhinoceros, Hyrax, Tapirus, and Equus. In the even-toed or 'artiodactyle' Ungulates, the dorso-lumbar vertebras are the same in number, as a general rule, in all the species, being nineteen. The recognition of this important cha- racter appears to have been impeded by the variable number of moveable ribs in different species of the Artiodactyles, the dorsal vertebra?, which those ribs characterize, being fifteen in the Hippopotamus and twelve in the Camel. And the value of this distinction has been exaggerated owing to the common conception of the ribs as special bones distinct from the ver- tebrae, and their non-recognition as parts of a vertebra equiva- lent to the neurapophyses and other autogenous elements. The vertebral formulae of the Artiodactyle skeletons show that the difference in the number of the so-called dorsal and lumbar ver- tebrae does not affect the number of the entire dorso-lumbar series: thus, the Indian "Wild Boar has d. 13, I. 6 = 19; the Domestic Hog and the Peccari have d.\4>, 1. 5=19; the Hip- popotamus has d. 15, I. 4=19 ; the Gnu and Aurochs have d. 14, 1. 5 = 19 ; the Ox and most of the true Ruminants have d. 13, 1. 6= 19; the aberrant Ruminants have d. 12, I. 7=19. The natural character and true affinities of the Artiodactyle group are further illustrated by the absence of the third trochanter in the femur, and by the place of perforation of the medullary artery at the fore and upper part of the shaft, as in the Hippopotamus, the Hog, and most of the Ruminants. The fore part of the astragalus is divided into two equal or sub-equal facets : the os magnum does not exceed, or is less than, the unciforme in size, in the carpus ; and the ectocunei- form is less, or not larger, than the cuboid, in the tarsus. The digit answering to the third in the pentadactyle foot is unsymme- trical, and forms, with that answering to the fourth, a symmetrical OP THE CLASS MAMMALIA. 29 pair. If tlie species be horned, the horns form one pair or two pairs ; they are never developed singly, of symmetrical form, from the median line. The post-tympanic does not project downward distinctly from the mastoid, nor supersede it in any Artiodactyle ; and the paroccipital always exceeds both those processes in length. The bony palate extends further back than in the Perissodactyles ; the hinder aperture of the nasal passages is more vertical and com- mences posterior to the last molar tooth. The base of the ptery- goid process is not perforated by the ectocarotid artery. The crowns of the premolars are smaller and less complex than those of the true molars, usually representing half of such crown. The last milk-molar is trilobed. To these osteological and dental characters may be added some important modifications of internal structure, as, e.g. the complex form of the stomach in the Hippopotamus, Peccari, and Ruminants ; the comparatively small and simple caecum and the spirally folded colon in all Artiodactyles, which equally indicate the mutual affini- ties of the even-toed hoofed quadrupeds, and their claims to be re- garded as a natural group of the Ungulata. The placenta is dif- fused in the Camel-tribe and non-ruminants ; is cotyledonal in the true Ruminants. Many extinct genera, e.g. Chceropotcwms, An- thracotherium, Uyopotamus, Entelodon, DicJwdon, Merycopotamus, Xipltodon, DicJiobime, AnoplotTierium, Microtlieriwn, &c, have been discovered, which once linked together the now broken series of Artiodactyles, represented by the existing genera, Hippopotamus, Sus, DicotyJes, Camelus, Auc7ie?iia, Moschus, CameJopardalis, Cer- vus, Antilope, Ovis, and Bos. A well-marked, and at the present day very extensive subor- dinate group of the Artiodactyles, is called Ruminantia, in refer- ence to the second mastication to which the food is subject after having been swallowed ; the act of rumination requiring a pecu- liarly complicated form of stomach. The Ruminants have the ■ cloven foot,' i. e. two hoofed digits on each foot forming a sym- metrical pair, as by the cleavage of a single hoof; in most species two small supplementary hoofed toes are added. The metacarpals of the two functional toes coalesce to form a single ' cannon-bone,' as do the corresponding metatarsals. The Camel-tribe have the upper incisors reduced to a single pair ; in the rest of the Rumi- nants the upper incisors are replaced by a callous pad. The lower canines are contiguous, and, save in the Camel-tribe, similar to the six lower incisors, forming part of the same terminal series of eight teeth, between which and the molar series there is a wide 30 PROFESSOR OWEN ON THE CHARACTERS, ETC. interval. The true molars have their grinding surface marked by two double crescents, the convexity of which is turned inwards in the upper and outwards in the under jaw. Many fossil Artiodactyles, with similar molars, appear to have differed from the Ruminants chiefly by retaining structures which are transitory and embryonic in most existing Ruminants, as, e. g. upper incisors and canines*, first premolars, and separate meta- carpal and metatarsal bones ; these are among the lost links that once connected more intimately the Ruminants with the Hog and Hippopotamus. The Pachyderms in the Cuvierian system included all the non- ruminant hoofed beasts ; they were divided by the great French anatomist into the Proboscidia, Solidungula, and Pachydermata ordlnaria, the latter again being subdivided according to the odd or even number of the hoofs. I have on another occasionf adduced evidence to show that the right progression of the affinities of the Ungtdata was broken by the interposition of the Horse and other Perissodactyles between the non-ruminant* or omnivorous and ru- minant Artiodactyles ; and that too high a value had been assigned to the Ruminantia by making them equivalent to all the other Ungulates collectively %. * In a new-born Dromedary (Camelus Dromedarius, L.), which perished m the birth at the London Zoological Gardens, the following was the state of the dentition. In the upper jaw there were six deciduous incisors (3 — 3), which were calcined, and presented a larger proportional size than any rudiments of those teeth that have been noticed in ordinary Ruminants, and they leave con- spicuous alveoli in the premaxillaries : the deciduous canine and first functional milk-molar (d. 2) were small, the latter with a simple crown ; the second {d. 3) and third (d. 4) molars were large, bilobed, and each lobe was bicrescentic. In the lower jaw the six incisors and two canines form a semicircular series of nearly equal teeth, with overlapping leaf-shaped crowns, the deciduous canines more resembling the incisors than the permanent ones do : the functional molars are but two in number, on each side ; the first is small, simple, conical, compressed, notched behind ; the second is very large and three-lobed, each lobe being bicrescentic, and the last the largest. Only the summits of the cres- cents of the molar teeth had pierced the gum (Catal. of Osteology, Mus. Roy. Coll. of Surgeons, vol. ii. p. 577, 4to, 1853). f Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, December 1S47. X Since the communication of my paper on the classification and affinities of the hoofed animals to the Geological Society, Nov. 3, 1847, in which the grounds for the division of the Ungulata into two orders, according to the parity or imparity of the digits, as proposed in my ' Odontography,' are given in detail, the idea has been ventilated and more or less adopted by M. Pomel (Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. des Sciences, June 19, 1848), and by M. Gervais (Zoologie et Paleontologie Franchise, p. 42). The latter experienced palaeonto- logist, extending the term ' Pachydermes ' to include all the Ungulates, divides OF THE CLASS MAMMALIA. 31 The third division of the Gyrencephala enjoy a higher degree of the sense of touch through the greater number and mobility of the digits, and the smaller extent to which they are covered by horny matter. This substance forms a single plate, in the shape of a claw or nafl, which is applied to only one of the surfaces of the extremity of the digit, leaving the other, usually the lower, surface possessed of its tactile faculty ; whence the name Unguiculata, applied to this group, which, however, is more restricted and natural than the group to which Linnaeus extended the term. All the species are ' diphyodont,' and the teeth have a simple in- vestment of enamel. The first order, Carnivora, includes the beasts of prey, pro- perly so called. With the exception of a few Seals, the incisors are ^ in number ; the canines j^, always longer than the other teeth, and usually exhibiting a full and perfect development as lethal weapons ; the molars graduate from a trenchant to a tuber- culate form, in proportion as the diet deviates from one strictly of flesh to one of a more miscellaneous kind. The clavicle is rudimental or absent ; the innermost digit is often rudimental or absent ; they have no vesicuke seminales ; the teats are abdominal ; the placenta is zonular. The Carnivora are divided, according to modifications of the limbs, into ' phmigrades,' ' plantigrades,' and ' digitigrades.' In the Phmigrades (Walrus, Seal-tribe) both fore and hind feet are short, and expanded into broad, webbed paddles for swimming, the hinder ones being fettered by continuation of integument to the tail. In the Plantigrades (Bear-tribe) the whole or nearly the whole of the hind foot forms a sole, and rests on the ground. In the Digitigrades (Cat-tribe, Dog-tribe, &c.) only the toes touch the ground, the heel being much raised. It has been usual to place the Plantigrades at the head of the Carnivora, apparently because the higher order, Quadrumana, is plantigrade ; but the affinities of the Bear, as evidenced by inter- nal structure, e. g. the renal and genital organs, are closer to the Seal-tribe* ; the broader and flatter pentadactyle foot of the planti- them into ' Pachydermes herbivores ' and ' Pachydermes omnivores,' respect- ively equivalent to my Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla, which latter terms M. Pomel adopts. M. Grervais writes : " Les pachydermes omnivores se lient d'une maniere si intime aux Ruminants par les Chevrotains et les Chameaux qu'il est devenu impossible de separer, comme ordre different de celui des Rumi- nants l'ensemble de ces Pachydermes, autrefois confondus avec les Pachydermes herbivores." — Op. cit. Expl. de Planche xxxvi. p. 6, 4to, 1854. * ' Catalogue of the Physiological Series,' Mus. R. Coll. of Surgeons, 4to vol ii. 1834, p. 127. Mr. Waterhouse, in noticing the projecting process on the 32 PROEESSOR OWEN ON THE CHARACTERS, ETC. grade is nearer in form to the nipper of the Seal than is the more perfect digitigrade, retractile-clawed, long and narrow hind foot of the feline quadruped, which is the highest and most typical of the Carnivora. The next perfection which is superinduced upon the unguiculate limb is such a modification in the size, shape, position, and direction of the innermost digit, that it can be opposed, as a thumb, to the other digits, thus constituting what is properly termed a ' hand.' Those Unguiculates which have both fore and hind limbs so modified, or at least the hiud limbs, form the order Quadrtthana. They have |^| incisors*, and ^ broad tuberculate molars t; perfect clavicles, pectoral mammae, vesicular and prostatic glands, a simple or slightly bifid uterus, and a discoid, sometimes double, placenta J. The Quadrumana have a well-marked threefold geographical as well as structural division. The Strepsirhines are those with curved or twisted terminal nostrils, with much modified incisors, commonly |^| ; premolars ^ or |=H i n number, and molars with sharp tuber- cles ; the second digit of the hind limb has a claw. This group includes the Galagos, Pottos, Aye-Ayes, Loris, Indris, and the true Lemurs ; the three latter being restricted to Madagascar, whence the group diverges in one direction to the continent of Africa, in the other to the Indian Archipelago. The Platyrhines are those with the nostrils subterminal and wide apart ; premolars ?5j in number, the molars with blunt tubercles ; the thumbs of the fore-hands not opposable or wanting ; the tail in most prehen- sile ; they are peculiar to South America. The Catarhines have the nostrils oblique and approximated below, and opening above and behind the muzzle : the premolars are ^J in number ; the thumb of the fore-hand is opposable. They are restricted to the Old World, and, save a single species on the rock of Gibraltar, to Africa and Asia. The highest organized family of Catarhines is tailless, and offers in the Oraug and Chimpanzee the nearest approach to the human type. under side of the ramus, a little in advance of the angle of the lower jaw in the Ursidcn, remarks : — " The same character is also found in many Seals (Phocida), which in several other respects appear to approach the bears." — Proc. Zool. Soc. Sept. 1839. * With few exceptions in the anomalous Lemuridce. t Reduced to |^| in the Marmosets (Hapale, My das). % Among the Platyrhines, the placenta is single in Mycetes, double in Calli- thrix : among the Catarhines, the placenta is double in Macacus, Cercopithecus, and SemnopUhccus, single in Troglodytes. OJF T1IE CLASS MAMMALIA. 33 The structural modifications iu the genus Homo, — the sole re- presentative of the Archencephala, — more especially of the lower limb, by which the erect stature and bipedal gait are maintained, are such as to claim for Man ordinal distinction on merely external zoological characters. But as I have already argued, his psycho- logical powers, in association with his extraordinarily developed brain, entitle the group which he represents to equivalent rank with the other primary divisions of the class Mammalia founded on cerebral characters. In this primary group Man forms but one genus, Homo, and that genus but one order, called Bimana, on account of the opposable thumb being restricted to the upper pair of limbs. The testes are scrotal ; their serous sac does not communicate with the abdomen ; they are associated with vesi- cular and prostatic glands. The penis is pendulous, and the pre- puce has a fraenum. The mammae are pectoral. The placenta is a single, subcircular, cellulo-vascular, discoid body. Man has only a partial covering of hair, which is not merely protective of the head, but is ornamental and distinctive of sex. The dentition of the genus Homo is reduced to thirty-two teeth by the suppression of the outer incisor and the first two pre- molars of the typical series on each side of both jaws, the dental formula being : — ]— l 2—2 3—3 qo All the teeth are of equal length, and there is no break in the series ; they are subservient in Man not only to alimentation, but to beauty and to speech. The human foot is broad, plantigrade, with the sole, not inverted as in Quadrumana, but applied flat to the ground ; the leg bears vertically on the foot ; the heel is expanded beneath ; the toes are short, but with the innermost longer and much larger than the rest, forming a ' hallux ' or great toe, which is placed on the same line with, and cannot be opposed to, the other toes ; the pelvis is short, broad, and wide, keeping well apart the thighs ; and the neck of the femur is long, and forms an open angle with the shaft, increasing the basis of support for the trunk. The whole verte- bral column, with its slight alternate curves, and the well-poised, short, but capacious subglobular skull, are in like harmony with the requirements of the erect position. The widely-separated shoulders, with broad scapulas and complete clavicles, give a favourable position to the upper limbs, now liberated from the service of locomotion, with complex joints for rotatory as well as LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 3 34 PROFESSOR OWEN ON THE CHARACTERS, ETC. flexile movements, and terminated by a hand of matchless per- fection of structure, the fit instrument for executing the behests of a rational intelligence and a free will. Hereby, though naked, Man can clothe himself, and rival all native vestments in warmth and beauty ; though defenceless, Man can arm himself with every variety of weapon, and become the most terribly destructive of animals. Thus he fulfils his destiny as the supreme master of this earth, and of the lower Creation. In these endeavours to comprehend how Nature has associated together her mammalian forms, the weary student quits his task with a conviction that, after all, he has been rewarded with but an imperfect view of such natural association. The mammalian class has existed, probably from the triassic, certainly from the lower oolitic period ; and has changed its generic and specific forms more than once in the long lapse of ages, during which life- work has been transacted on this planet by animals of that high grade of organization. Not any of the mammalian genera of the secondary periods occur in the tertiary ones. No genus found in the older eocenes (plastic and septarial clays, &c.) has been dis- covered in the newer eocenes. Extremely few eocene genera occur in miocene strata, and none in the pliocene. Many miocene ge- nera of Mammalia are peculiar to that division of the tertiary series. Species indistinguishable from existing ones begin to ap- pear only in the newer pliocene beds. Whilst some groups, as e. g. the Perissodactyles and omnivorous Artiodactyles, have been gradually dying out, other groups, as e. g. the true Ruminants, have been augmenting in genera and species. In many existing genera of different orders there is a more specialized structure, a greater deviation from the general type, than in the answering genera of the miocene and eocene periods ; such later and less typical Mammalia do more effective work by their more adaptively modified structures. The Ruminants, e. g. more effectually digest and assimilate grass, and form out of it a more nutritive and sapid kind of meat, than did the antecedent more typical or less specialized non-ruminant Herbivora. The monodactyle Horse is a better and swifter beast of draught and burthen than its tridactyle predecessor the miocene Uippa- rion could have been. The nearer to a Tapir or a Rhinoceros in structure, the further will an equine animal be left from the goal in contending with a modern Racer. The genera Felis and Ma- rlutirodus, with then curtailed and otherwise modified dentition and OP TUE CLASS MAMMALIA. 35 short strong jaws, become, thereby, more powerfully and effectively destructive than the eocene Hyamodon with its typical dentition and three carnassial teeth on each side of its concomitantly pro- longed jaws could have been. Much additional and much truer insight has, doubtless, been gained into the natural grouping of the Mammalia since palae- ontology has expanded our survey of the class ; but our best-cha- racterized groups do but reflect certain mental conceptions, which must necessarily relate to incomplete knowledge, and that as ac- quired at a given period of time. Thus the order which Cuvier deemed the most natural one in the class Mammalia becomes the debris of a group, known at a subsequent period to be a more natural order. We cannot avoid recognizing, in the scheme which I now submit, the inequality Avhich reigns amongst the groups, which our present anatomical knowledge leads us to place in one line or parallel series as orders. I do not mean mere inequality as re- spects the number and variety of the families, genera, and species of such orders, because the paucity or multitude of instances manifesting a given modification or grade of structure in no essential degree affects the value of such grade or modification. The order Monotremata is not the less ordinally distinct from the Marsupialia, because it consists of but two genera, than is the order Bimana from that of Quadrumana, because it includes only a single genus. So likewise the anatomical peculiarities of the Proboscidia, Sirenia, and Toxodontia call, at least, for those general terms, to admit of the convenient expression of general proposi- tions respecting them ; and some of these general propositions are of a value as great as the organic characters of more expanded orders. There are residuary or aberrant forms in some of the orders, which, to the systematist disagreeably, compel modifications of the characters that would apply to the majority of such orders. The fly- ing Lemurs ( Galeopitlieci) , the rodent Lemurs (Cheiromys), the slow Lemurs (Boris, Otolienus), forbid any generalization as to teeth or nails in the Quadrumana, whilst they continue associated with that order by the character of the hinder thumb ; which, by the way, they possess in common with the pedimanous Marsupials. The large, volant, frugivorous Bats (Pteropus) are equally opposed to the ap- plication of a common dental character to the Cheiroptera. They are associated with the insectivorous Bats on account of the common external form arising out of the modification of their locomotive 3* 36 PROFESSOR OWEN ON THE CHARACTERS, ETC. organs for flight, just as the Dugongs and Manatees are asso- ciated with the Cetacea on account of their resemblance to Fishes arising out of the same modification of the locomotive system for an aquatic existence. The herbivorous Cetacea are now separated from the piscivorous Cetacea as a distinct order ; and with almost as good reason we might separate the frugivorous from the in- sectivorous Cheiroptera ; the cases are very nearly parallel. Nature, in short, is not so rigid a systematist as Man. There are peculiar conditions of existence which she is pleased shall be enjoyed by peculiarly modified mammals ; these peculiarities break through the rules of structure which govern the majority of species existing and subsisting under the more general conditions of ex- istence, to which the larger groups of Mammalia are respectively adjusted. One class of organs seems to govern one order, another class another order ; the dental system, which is so diversified in the Marsupialia and JBruta, is as remarkable for its degree of con- stancy in the Rodentia and Imectioora. Bat, as a general rule, the characters from the dental, locomotive, and placental systems are more closely correlated in the Gyrencephalous orders than in those in the inferior subclasses of the Mammalia. In the subjoined tabular view of the classification of the Mam- malia, the groups below the ranks of orders are inserted merely as illustrations of those orders, not as equivalent subdivisions, or as the most natural subdivisions of those orders, into which it has not been the aim of the present paper to enter. OF TUB CLASS MAMMALIA. 37 $ £ Q 93 d ore? w y "\ td w w H a hj hj o g H b 4 H & t» rt> td Id M - fed P, 02 Ofc ■O td &3 54- ^ I S *e .a ^ a ^ • ^ a ~r nS & ^ f .8 1 1 I 3 »?»>> a a- a ? 38 dr. cobbold's description of a Description of a new form of Naked- Eyed Medusa (Thaumantias achroa), with brief histological details. By T. Spencer Cob- bold, Esq., M.D. Communicated by the Secretary, [Read March 17, 1857.] (Abstract.) This specimen was obtained from the shore of the Firth of Forth, and presented the following characters: — The form and general aspect of the umbrella resembles that of the more typical species, being hemispherical, transparent, colourless, smooth, slightly elon- gated vertically when in a state of rest, the transverse diameter measuring rather more than the third of an inch and becoming much increased during contraction, the length of the disk at the same time being proportionately lessened. The circumferential portion of the umbrella is fringed by 24 tentacula of extreme delicacy and unusual length ; also by eight ocelli, a circular gastro- vascular canal, and a well-defined shelf-like veil directed inwards. The tentacula, while relaxed and motionless, are fully three times the length of the disk, their particular number and arrangement (5x4-1-4) also constituting a satisfactory mark of identification. Amplified fifty diameters, they exhibit a finely granular and ringed appearance, analogous to that of the prehensile labiate organs of Hydroida ; even with an ordinary pocket-lens indications of knotting may be seen at the extremities of the cirrhi. To the naked eye the tentacular bulbs appear colourless and homogeneous, but under a magnification of 300 diameters linear, the sub-epidermic tissues display numerous closely packed oval or fusiform cells, which refract light very strongly. Near the extremity of the thread, the cells are more cogently developed, and being placed at a right angle to the axis of the filament, appear to stand out from the investing epidermis. At the upper part the tentacula exhibit lateral lines in their interior, denoting the presence of a central canal, the markings becoming more conspicuous near the bidb. Within the bulb the limiting membrane of an otolitic vesicle was discernible, but there were apparently no vibratory movements within the cavity. The ocelli, eight in number (2X4), are placed round the circular margin of the disk, at intervals between every third tentacle — an arrangement somewhat peculiar. Each ocellus consists of a transparent vesicle containing a round nucleus, and in addition five bright yellow, highly refracting globules, the central and superior one being the largest. The sub-umbrella is placed NEW FORM Oi - NAKED-EYED MEDUSA. 39 rather higher than midway between the marginal riug and the convex surface of the disk. The depth of the concavity lessened during contraction, but not uniformly so, it being observed that the upper part remained unaffected to the extent of a third of its area, from the summit downwards, forming, as it were, a point d'appui for the development of contractile action throughout the remainder of the membrane. The proboscidiform peduncle has all the features common to the genus. The gastro-wascular canals — four radiating and one circumferential— contain two kinds of corpuscles ; the smaller are rather less in diameter than human- blood globules, while the larger, apparently mother-cells, are nearly three times greater, possessing nuclei of variable size, but frequently identical in character with the lesser corpuscles. They moved in a moderately rapid and regular manner, their course in the radiating vessels being continuous from one half of the hemi- sphere to the other. Thus, two vessels carried the particles from the marginal canal, convergingly, to the central point of inter- communication, on the one hand, and two conveyed the same elements from the centre, divergingly, on the other. The repro- ductive glands, four in number, elongated or semiclavate, are placed on the inferior surface of the sub-umbrella, a short Avay distant from the margin, and in the course of the radiating canals. Each gland was subdivided by one of the radiating vessels traversing its long axis. The subjacent ova at the surface generally displayed an outer cell-wall, with its included transparent albumen, a second membrane surrounding tbe molecular yolk, and a third consti- tuting the germinal spot, within which were three or four rounded particles, beautifully distinct. Deeper in the organ were similar cells, smaller in size and imperfectly developed, evidently destined to supply the place of those ripe for expulsion. To facilitate identification, it may be remarked tbat Thauinantias inconspicua has the disk wider and more flattened, purplish- coloured glands and twenty tentacles. T. punctata has thirty- two tentacula, and is a larger species, with the umbrella more depressed, and T. Thomsoni has but sixteen tentacula. There is no other British species for which Thaumantias achroa can be readily mistaken. 40 DB. E0KSTER ON THE RETURN OF SWALLOWS. On the Irregularity in the Eeturn of Swallows and other vernal migratory Birds, this Season, 1857. By Dr. Thomas Forster, F.L.S. &c. [Read June 2, 1857.] As the following facts will prohahly be interesting to the Linnean Society, I have carefully extracted them from my Journal of Natural History. The order of arrival of the Swallow tribe has been quite re- versed. The Chimney Swallow, Hirundo rustica, who usually arrives in Belgium about the 15th of April, made his first appear- ance early in May, and then only a straggler or two. This species is not yet common, and after a most careful search after Swallows, up to May the 11th, I had not myself seen a single specimen : one or two are said to have been observed about the waters of Ixelles. A straggling Martin, H. tirbica, was observed by me on the 23rd of April ; but I did not see another till the 9th of May, and this species is still very scarce. Today (14th of May) a few Swallows may also be seen. In general, both species are by this time very numerous. The Swift, H. apus, who usually arrives in Belgium before the 1st of May, did not appear till the 9th ; and yesterday these birds are become common, though much less numerous than last year. The Sand Martin, H. riparia, has not yet arrived. The Cuckoo has been heard only once or twice, and that in the first week of May. I find by consulting ancient records that the occasional delay of the arrival of the Swallow was noticed in Greece of old, and it is probably to some occasion of this kind that we may attribute the line in some poet, I believe Aristophanes, £2 Zeu, ye\i%tt)v dpa irure (pan'^trerai ; ! ! ! The absence of west winds on the continent has been no less remarkable, as this wind has always been connected with the return of the Swallow — " Cum Zephyris, si concedes, efc hirundine prima." So says Horace ; and the Martin has also been said to come with S.W. breezes. Ovid represents this wind as blowing " Quum luteuin celsa sub trabe fingit opus." The scarcity of all the vernal songsters has likewise been re- marked : the season is altogether late and anomalous. Bruxelles, May 14th, 1857. DB. GUY ON A SINGULAR COLOURING OF THE HUMAN HAIR. 41 Note on a singular case of Colouring of the Human Hair. By William A. Gut, M.B. Extracted from a Letter addressed to the President. [Eead April 7th, 1857.] A turner of the name of Ford, employed by the Government to turn several thousands of round rulers for the army in the Crimea, presented himself in the laboratory of King's College one day, in great distress. He was called upon to attend a funeral, and was scandalized at his somewhat ridiculous appearance in consequence of the curious green tint of his hair. Our people in the laboratory washed his head witli all the common reagents which occurred to them, but without eifect. Being informed of this curious fact, and being interested in it as having some sort of bearing on the question of identification, I called on Mr. Ford, and found him in the state described. His hair, which is naturally a light chestnut, was changed, except towards the roots, of a bright yellow-green, with a very decided and curious green tint. His children, whose hair is of a similar tint, were similarly affected. He told me that his hair and that of his family had always been affected in the same way when engaged in turning rulers from the wood known as green ebony — a wood, as he says, generally used for that purpose. His wife's hair, which is black, is not subject to any change. The exposed parts of the skin undergo the same change of colour, as does the urine. He also told me that one of his children was born with a very remarkably deep-green tinted skin, which disappeared in time. As one of our porters passes Broad Street, I send you a specimen I have had put up, showing a bit of the wood, a tube-full of turnings, and three specimens of hair — the two on the left showing the natural colour of the hair of Mr. Ford and one of his children, the specimens on the right the same hair discoloured by the wood, and a single specimen from his own head, showing the usual colour at the root, and the green tint towards the points. The appearance of the whole head, and the contrast of the roots with the rest of the hair, are much more striking than the specimen itself might lead you to expect. King's College, London, January 27th, 1857. LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 42 MB. smith's catalogue of hymenopterous insects Catalogue of the Hyinenopterous Insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo ; Mount Ophir, Malacca ; and at Singapore, by A. B. Wallace. By Frederick Smith, Assistant in the Zoological Department in the British Museum. Communicated by W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.B.S., F.L.S. [Read June 16th, 1857.] Bam. ANDBENID.E, Leach. Gen. Halictus, Latr. 1. Halictus ceratinus. H. niger; alis hyalinis ; abilomine clavato. Male. Length 3^ lines. Black : the head closely and finely punctured ; antenna; as long as the thorax, the flagellum obscurely testaceous beneath ; the face covered with griseous pubescence ; the mandibles ferruginous at their apex. Thorax closely punctured ; the wings hyaline and iridescent, their apex slightly clouded ; the nervines and tegulae testaceous ; the legs rufo-testaceous, the tarsi paler, and covered with pale glittering pubescence. Abdomen clavate; the apical margins of the segments with fascia; of short white pubescence, frequently more or less obliterated ; shining and delicately punctured ; beneath, the apex of the third segment, and the fourth, entirely clothed with very short whitish pubescence; the abdomen is of a dark rufo-testaceous hue, palest beneath, varying in different individuals. Hab. Borneo (Sarawak). This remarkable form of Halictus occurs at Sierra Leone. I have de- scribed a species from that locality, the " H. clavatus;" it is a smaller and very distinct species from H. ceratinus ; in this species the first re- current nervure is received in the middle of the second submarginal cell. 2. Halictus vagans. H. ater, cinereo-pubescens ; abdomine nitido, segmentis intermediis basi fascia albis. Female. Length A\ lines. Black : the clypeus produced, the face covered with cinereous pubescence. Thorax closely punctured above ; the mesothorax thinly covered with short erect pale pubescence ; the post- scutellum with a dense short downy pubescence; the metathorax truncated, and having some irregular coarse stria; at the base above ; the wings hyaline and iridescent, the nervures and tegula: testaceous ; the legs with a short yellowish-white downy pubescence. Abdomen delicately punctured, the basal margin of the second and two following segments with a fascia of short yellowish-white pubescence, the apical segment covered with similar pubescence. This species bears a very striking resemblance to the Halictus leucozonius of Europe. Hub. Borneo (Sarawak). COLLECTED IN BOBNEO, ETC. 43 3. Halictus basalis. H. niger ; alis hyalinis; abdomine clavato, basi ferrugineo. Male. Length 3 lines. Black : the antennae nearly as long as the thorax, the flagellum fulvous beneath ; the face covered with a dense griseous pubescence; the mandibles rufo-piceous. Thorax thinly clothed with pale pubescence ; the wings hyaline and iridescent, the nervures pale testaceous ; the tibia; and tarsi pale rufo-testaceous, the latter palest. Abdomen clavate, shining and finely punctured; the first segment and the apical margin of the second, ferruginous ; the second and following segments with fasciae of pale pubescence. Hab. Singapore. This conspicuous insect might be mistaken at first sight for a variety of " H. ceratinus" but in that species the apical margin of the fifth segment of the abdomen, beneath, is straight, or very slightly emar- ginate at the sides ; in the present species it is deeply emarginate its entire width. Gen. Nomia, Latr. 1. Nomia apicalis. N. nigra, punctata; abdomine nitido, scutello bituberculato ; alis apice nigris. Male. Length 5 lines. Black : the head with scattered cinereous pubescence, dense and short on the sides of the face ; the clypeus with a longitudinal impression ; somewhat swollen on each side ; the flagellum testaceous beneath. Thorax closely punctured, subopake ; aline of pale pubescence beneath the scutellum, which is bituberculate ; the tegulae yellowish ; the wings hyaline, the nervures testaceous, the costal nervure dark brown ; the apex of the anterior wings with a large dark fuscous cloud ; the legs with a glittering cinereous pubescence ; the posterior tibiae curved, and dilated at their apex. Abdomen shining and punctured, the apical margins of the segments depressed, the apical half of the depressions im punctate. Hab. Singapore. 2. Nomia iridescens, Westw. MS. N. nigra; capite thoraceque punctatis subopacis ; faciei pube grisea ; pedibus nigris ; abdomine fasciis tribus ceeruleis ; alis hyalinis. Female. Length 4 lines. Black : very closely and finely punctured ; the head and thorax with a griseous pubescence, most dense on the face and sides of the metathorax ; the clypeus with a central longitu- dinal carina ; the mandibles obscurely ferruginous at the apex ; a white line on the posterior margin of the prothorax, which passes on to and surrounds the tubercles ; the scutellum bordered with a line of very short white pubescence ; the tegulae pale testaceous ; the wings fulvo-hyaline, with the nervures pale ferruginous ; the legs clothed with a mixture of dark brown and griseous pubescence, that on the posterior tibiae within, and on all the tarsi beneath, fulvous ; the claw- 4* 41 ME. SMITH'S CATALOGUE OF HYMEN0PTEB0US INSECTS joint of the tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen shining, with an obscure violet tinge in certain lights ; the apical margins of the second, third and fourth segments with a fascia of bright green or blue-green ; be- neath, thickly and coarsely punctured. Hab. Malacca, India. 3. Nomia elegans. N. nigra ; capite thoraceque punctatis subopacis ; alis hyalinis ; pedibus subferrugineis ; abdomine fasciis caeruleo-viridi- bus pulchriter omatus. Female. Length 5 lines. Black : the head closely and finely punc- tured, the clypeus coarsely so, with a central longitudinal depression, subtuberculate on each side ; the labrum and mandibles ferruginous, the latter black at their tips ; the scape in front, and the apical joints of the flagellum beneath, yellowish. Thorax : shining, with very deli- cate shallow punctures ; a transverse band of pale pubescence at the apical margin of the scutellum ; the base of the metathorax with a deep depression which is crossed by a series of short striae ; the sides of the metathorax with a dense pale fulvous pubescence ; the legs pale rufo-testaceous, and covered with short glittering pale pubescence; wings subhyaline and iridescent ; the nervures testaceous, the costal nervure and the stigma dark fuscous ; the apex of the anterior wings slightly clouded. Abdomen smooth and shining, the apical margins of the segments with narrow, vivid blue-green fasciae. Hab. Malacca. Most closely resembling the " Nomia crassipes $ ," but that insect has the abdomen punctured, and the fasciae broad, particularly at the apex of the abdomen. Subfam. Andbenoides. Gen. Ctenoplectea, Smith. Head transverse : antenrue inserted in the middle of the face, short, not reaching to the middle of the thorax ; the basal joint of the flagellum not narrowed at the base ; the second joint of the same length as the first, much narrowed at the base ; the three following joints trans- verse and of equal length, the five apical ones rather longer, of equal length, the apex of the apical joint pointed; the labrum transverse, the anterior margin rounded ; the mentum rather longer than the labium, the former acute at its apex, the latter blunt or rounded ; the labial palpi 4-jointed, the two basal joints stout and of equal length, the two apical ones shorter and much more slender ; the paraglosste about the same length as the palpi ; the maxillary palpi 6-jointed, the three basal joints stout and of equal length, the three apical joints much more slender, and each in succession shorter than the preceding ; the ocelli placed in a curve on the vertex. Thorax : large and ovate ; the anterior icings with one marginal and two sub- COLLECTED IN BORNEO, ETC. 45 marginal cells, the second receiving both the recurrent nervures ; legs with the femora broad and compressed ; the calcaria at the apex of the intermediate tibia? stout, acute, and bent at the apex, its hinder margin toothed like a fine comb ; the inner spine of the posterior cal- caria toothed in a similar manner, the teeth much longer, those at the base of the spine longest, decreasing in length to the apex ; the pos- terior tibiae and basal joint of the tarsi densely covered with long hair ; the claws of the tarsi bifid. Abdomen subovate, truncated at the base. This is a very remarkable genus of Bees : it appears to be most nearly allied to the genus Macrojns ; the neuration of the anterior wmgs is very similar, and the labial and maxillary palpi consist of the same number of joints ; the ocelli are placed in a curve, and the posterior legs have a dense clothing or pollen-brush as in that genus. The beautiful comb with which the posterior tibiae are furnished is doubt- less for the purpose of removing the grains of pollen collected on the hairs which clothe the shanks. (Plate I. details.) 1. Ctenoplectra chalybea. C. capite thoraceque nigris, abdomi- neque chalybeo, pedibus posterioribus dense pilosis. Female. Length 6 lines. Head and thorax black : the head closely punctured ; the clypeus shining, the punctures more scattered, and with a slight carina in the middle of its base ; the scape in front, and the flagellum beneath, rufo-piceous ; the mandibles ferruginous at their apex. Thorax opake-black : the metathorax smooth and shining in the middle of its base, the sides covered with sooty-black pu- bescence ; wings fuscous, palest at their apical margins ; the posterior tibiae and basal joint of the tarsi densely covered with long black pubescence, the inner pectinated calcar pale testaceous-yellow. Ab- domen : steel-blue above, black beneath. Hab. Malacca (Mount Ophir). Subfam. Dasygastbje. Gen. Megachile, Latr. 1. Megachile atrata, Smith, Cat. Hym. pt. 1. p. 182. Hah. Borneo (Sarawak) ; Philippine Islands. 2. Megachile ornata, Smith, Cat. Hym. 1. p. 183. Hab. Borneo (Sarawak) ; India. 3. Megachile umbripennis, Smith, Cat. Hym. pt. 1. p. 1/5. Hab. Borneo (Sarawak) and Nepaul. 4. Megachile amputata. M. nigra; capite thoraceque pube fulva vestitis ; abdominis segmentis apicalibus fulvo marginatis ; pedibus rufis. Female. Length 7 lines. Black : the head and thorax clothed above with fulvous pubescence, on the cheeks and thorax beneath it i^ 46 me. smith's catalogue or HYMENOPTEROUS insects slightly griseous ; the clypeus shining and punctured, with a longitu- dinal carina in the middle, thinly covered with pubescence ; the rla- gellum fulvous beneath. Thorax : the tegulse and legs ferruginous ; the wings fusco-hyaline, the nervures fusco-ferruginous, brightest towards the base of the wings. Abdomen : the two basal segments clothed with fulvous pubescence, the four apical segments with black ; all the segments with a fascia of short fulvous pubescence on their apical margins; beneath, the three basal segments thinly clothed with pale fulvous pubescence, the three apical ones with black. Allied to, but very distinct from, the Anthophora rufipes of Fabricius. Hub. Borneo (Sarawak). 5. Megachile tuberculata. M. nigra; capite thoraceque punctatis, mandibulis fortibus et porrectis ; clypeo tuberculato ; alis fulvo- hyalinis ; abdomine totius nigro. Female. Length 10 lines. Black : clothed with black pubescence on the vertex and disk of the thorax, on the abdomen above it is sparing ; the clypeus produced in the middle, forming a large prominent tubercle ; the mandibles long, very stout and prominent, with a stout bluntish tooth on their inner margin near their base, and having three large teeth at their apex, the apical one acute. The outer margin of the tegulse ferruginous ; the wings fulvo-hyaline, the nervures ferru- ginous, their apical margins with a fuscous border. Abdomen : the basal segment densely clothed with sooty-black pubescence ; beneath, densely clothed with black pubescence. Hub. Borneo (Sarawak). 6. Megachile architecta. M. nigi-a, nitida et punctata ; abdomine pube lsete fulva subtus vestito ; alis subhyalinis apice nebulosis. Female. Length 6 lines. Black, shining and punctured : the face, cheeks and thorax beneath, thinly clothed with griseous pubescence, the sides of the metathorax densely so ; the wings subhyaline, with a fuscous cloud at the apex of the superior pair ; the posterior femora and tibia? with a short fine cinereous pubescence, that on all the tarsi beneath, fulvous. Abdomen subovate and curving upwards, each seg- ment with a deeply impressed transverse line ; beneath, densely clothed with long bright fulvous pubescence. Hab. Borneo (Sarawak). 7. Megachile luctuosa. M. nigra opaca ; alis hyalinis ; abdomine subtus fulvo ; apice pube grisea vestito. Female. Length 6 lines. Opake-biack : very closely punctured; the wings hyaline and iridescent, the nervures black ; the base of the metathorax with fuscous pubescence, the sides as well as the thorax beneath with griseous ; the apical margins of the second, third and fourth segments with narrow fascia; of whitish pubescence, the two former widely interrupted ; the fifth and sixth densely covered COLLECTED IN BORNEO, ETC. 47 with short, whitish pubescence ; beneath, clothed with fulvous pu- bescence. Hab. Singapore. 8. Megachile rotundiceps. M. nigra opaca; alis fulvo-hyalinis, nervuris ferrugineis ; abdomine subtus fulgido-argentato vestito. Female. Length 6 lines. Opake-black : very closely and rather finely punctured ; the labrum fringed with ferruginous pubescence ; the head nearly orbicular. Thorax : the metathorax clothed with pale fulvous pubescence ; the wings fulvo-hyaline, the nervures and tegulai pale ferruginous. Abdomen with a little fulvous pubescence at the base ; beneath, clothed with glittering silvery pubescence. Hab. Malacca (Mount Ophir). Subfam. Scopulipedes. Gen. Ceratina, Latr. 1 . Ceratina hieroglyphica, Smith, Cat. Hym. pt. 2. p. 226. Hab. Borneo (Sarawak). 2. Ceratina flavopicta. C. atra; capite thoraceque flavo-pictis ; abdomine fasciisque flavis. Male. Length 4 lines. Black : the face, inner orbits of the eyes, clypeus, labrum, mandibles, cheeks, scape, and a minute spot above the eyes, yellow. Thorax : the prothorax, two longitudinal lines on the disk of the mesothorax, an epaulet over the tegulse, a line on each side of the metathorax, a spot beneath the wings, the tubercles and legs, yellow ; the coxae and base of the femora slightly rufo-piceous ; the wings subhyaline, the nervures ferruginous. Abdomen : the basal and apical segments, and the apical margins of the other segments, yellow ; the entire insect is shining and the abdomen delicately punctured. Hab. Borneo (Sarawak). This species is closely allied to the Ceratina hieroglyphica from India, but is abundantly distinct. Gen. Xylocopa, Latr. 1. Xylocopa latipes. Apis latipes, Drury, III. Exot. Ins. ii. p. 98. Hab. Borneo (Sarawak), India, Singapore, Ceylon, Philippine Islands, China. 2. Xylocopa collaris, St. Farg. Hym, ii. p. 189. Hab. Borneo (Sarawak), India, Sumatra, Bengal, Malacca, 3. Xylocopa jsstuans. Apis restuans, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 961 9 • Hab. Singapore, India. 48 me. smith's catalogue of hymenopteeous insects 4. Xylocopa verticalis, St. Farg. Hym. ii. p. 195 itta, Bra- chypteracias, Atelornis, Bernieria, Hartlaiibius, Artamia, Yanga, Coua, Leptosomus, Vigorsia, Mesites, Biensis. The characteristic forms of African Ornithology are very nume- SCLATER ON THE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF AVES. 139 rous. Several groups of birds, which seem clearly entitled to rank as distinct families, or at least as subfamilies, are wholly peculiar to this region, such as the Coliidce, Musophagidce, and TSupliaginoe. There are also very many genera, of which the species are all con- fined to this continent ; the principal of which I have enumerated in my List of Typical forms. The island of Madagascar, however, is the locality where the African type seems pushed to its utmost degree of development. There are many genera quite peculiar to this island, or which have a single representative or so upon the adjacent coast of the continent. Such are Qriolia, Atelornis, Bra- chypter acias, Vcmga, and others which I have mentioned above, not to mention the extinct gigantic JEpyornis. Bourbon, Mauritius and the other Mascarene islands all belong to Africa zoologically, and have only recently lost the now extinct birds of the genera Didus, Pezophaps and their allies, which were, so far as we know, types quite peculiar to this locality. Dr. Gr. Hartlaub's lately published System der Omitlwlogie West- Africa' s gives as inhabitants of that part of the continent, — Accipitres 56 -n Passeres 450 Scansores 69 Columba3 17 Galling 19,' Struthiones 1 Grails 99 | Anseres ...... 42 ^753. J In the preface to Dr. Hartlaub's work will be found a resume of all the most important facts known concerning African Orni- thology. For North-eastern Africa we have a List lately published by Dr. Heuglin, who mentions — S-754 species. A correct catalogue of the Birds of S. Africa would probably be not less numerous in species. 10* 1. 95> 2, .. 372 3. . . 38 4. .. 14 5. . . 24 6. Struthiones . . 1 7- Grails .. 130 8. . . 80 J 140 SCLATER ON THE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OP AVES. On the whole, therefore, I think we cannot allow for the Western Pala?otropic region less than 1250 species, which, with an area of 12,000,000 square miles, gives one species to each 9600 square miles nearly. III. Indian or Middle Pal^otropical Eegion {Pegio Indicd). Extent. — India and Asia generally south of Himalayas, Ceylon, Burmah, Malacca and Southern China, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumatra and adjacent islands ; an area of perhaps 4,000,000 square miles. Characteristic forms. — Harpactes, Colocalia, Calyptomena, Eu- rylcemus, Buceros, Garrulax, Liothrix, Malacocercus, Pitta, Tima- lia, Pycnonotus, Phyllornis, Pericrocotus, Analcipus, Acridotheres, Oracula, Sasia, Megalaema, Phoenicophaus, Dasylophus, Palceornis, Pavo, Ceriornis, PolypJectron, Argus, Euplocamus, Bollulus, Casuarius. Mr. Swainson, in his article in H. Murray's ' Encyclopedia of Geography,' considers the mainland of Southern Asia and the larger Indian islands as belonging to two different zoological regions. But it is now generally acknowledged that this is not the case. There are so many generic forms which commence in Southern Asia and extend over the greater part of the Indian Ar- chipelago, that it is not possible to look upon these countries as belonging to different regions, though they doubtless form distinct subkingdoms or provinces, in each of which will be found corre- sponding representative species. How far in an eastern direction we are to extend the boundaries of the Middle Palasotropical Region is a difficult question, which can hardly be answered until we know more of the Natural History of these great islands ; but there is no doubt that Borneo, Sumatra and Java belong to this zoology, but probably not Celebes. The most characteristic forms of the Indian region are without doubt the Phasianidce, the whole of which magnificent group of birds may be said to be confined to this region, — one or two species only straying into the confines of Palsearctic zoology, and a single genus, Meleagris, representing them in America, and the few birds of the genera Numida, Agelastus and Phasidus in Africa. If the number of species duly attributable to the Middle Pala?o- SCLATER ON THE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF AVES. 141 tropical Eegion, be reckoned at about 1500, and its geographical area at nearly 4,000,000 square miles, we have a species to each 2600 miles nearly, which indicates a degree of intensity of species only surpassed by Tropical America. IV. Australian or "Western Pal^otropical Eegion (Pegio Australiana). Extent. — Papua and adjacent islands, Australia, Tasmania and Pacific Islands ; an area of perhaps 3,000,000 square miles. Characteristic forms. — 1. (Australia.) ^Egotheles, Falcunculus, Colluricincla, Grallina, Gymnorhina, Strepera, Cinclosoma, Menura, Psoplwdes, Malurus, Sericornis, Epthianura, Pardalotus, Chlamydera, Ptilonorhynchus, Struthidea, Licmetis, Calyptorhynchus, Platycercus, Euphema, Ca- lopsitta, Climacteris, Scythrops, Myzantha, Talegalla, Leipoa, Pedio- nomus, P/romaius, Cladorhynchus, Tribonyx, Cereopsis, Anseranas, Ptiziura. 2. (Papua.) Sericulus, Ifelanopgrrhus, Ptiladela, Edoliosoma, Peltops, Pedes, Jlfanucodia, Gymnocorvus, Astrapia, Paradisea, Epimachus, Nasiterna, Charmosyna, Cyclopsitta, Goura, Sfc. 3. (New Zealand.) Neomorplia, Prostheinadera, Anthornis, Acan- ' thisitta, JMoJwa, Certhiparus, Tumagra, Aplonis, Creadion, Nestor, Strigops, Apteryx, Ocydromus. 4. (Pacific Islands.) Moho, Hemignathus, Drepanis, Pomarea, Metabolus, Sturnoides, Leptomis, Tatare, Loxops, Coriphilus, Pti- lonopus. New Guinea is in some respects so peculiar in its Ornithology, as far as we are acquainted with it, that it would at first sight appear as if it ought to form a zoological region of itself. But there are certainly many genera common to it and Australia (for example, Podargus, Tanysiptera, Alcyone, Mimeta, Ptilorhis, Crac- ticus, Manucodia, &c.) ; and for the present I am inclined to retain it as part of the Australian region. Both New Zealand and the Pacific islands have also some claims to stand alone as separate regions, their forms of ornithic life being in many cases extremely peculiar and local. If they can be attached anywhere, however it is to Australia ; and I have included them temporarily in the same region. Mr. Gould's 'Birds of Australia' has made us ^600. 142 SCLATER ON THE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OE AVES. well acquainted with the ornithology of that continent ; but there still remains New Guinea and the multitudinous adjacent islands, which doubtless contain numbers of species as yet unknown to science. Mr. Gould, in his ' Birds of Australia,' enumerates — 1 . Accipitres 36-^ 2. Passeres 311 3. Scansores 36 4. Columbae 23 5. Gallinse 16 6. Struthiones .... 1 7. Gralte 78 8. Anseres 99 J in all 600 species. The most characteristic forms of this region are perhaps the Paradiseidce and Epimachidce (both peculiar to it) ; the Melipha- gidce, one or two genera only of which are found externally, and of which between 60 and 70 species occur in Australia alone ; the genera Calyptorhynchus, Microglossa, Trichoglossus, Platycercus, Nestor, Strigops, and many other forms amongst the Psittacidce, besides a vast number of others. Taking 3,000,000 of square miles as the amount of dry land in this region, and allowing 1000 species as peculiar to it, we have one species to every 3000 square miles, showing us that this is little inferior to the middle Palseotropical Region in intensity of species. V. Nearctic or North- American Region (Regio Nearctica). Extent. — Greenland and North America down to centre of Mexico — area of perhaps 6,500,000 square miles. Characteristic forms. — Trochilus, Sialia, Toxostoma, Icteria, Vireo, Mniotiltince, Chamcea, Certhia, Sitta, Neocorys, Calamospiza, Zonotrichia, Picicorvus, Gymnocitta, Meleagris. As is the case in the Old World, most of the genera belonging to the northern part of the New "World are better represented in its tropical than in its temperate portions. Northern America, however, produces Sylvicolce and Zonotrichia in much greater abundance than southern America, and these genera (which are analogous to the Sylviince and Emberizce of the Old World) are perhaps its most ordinary characteristic forms. I have already SCLATEE ON TIIE OENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF AVES. 143 mentioned the chief genera common to the northern portions of both hemispheres. These are also characteristic of Nearctic in contrast to Neotropical zoology, as none of them extend into Southern America. The ornithology of the U. S. of America (which now embrace a very large proportion of the Nearctic region) contains upwards of G20 species. Calculating the area of the Nearctic Eegion at six millions and a half of square miles, and the species peculiar to it at 660, we have aboiit 9000 miles for each species, making this region, as might have been supposed, the least productive of ornithic life, after the Palaearctic. VI. Neotropical or South-American Eegion {Begio Neo- tropica) . Extent. — "West India Islands, Southern Mexico, Central Ame- rica and whole of S. America, Galapagos Islands, Falkland Islands. Estimated area of about 5,500,000 square miles. Characteristic forms. — 1. (Continental.^ Sarcorhamphus, Ibycter, Milvago, Thrasaetus, Cymindis, Herpetotlwres, Steatomis, Nycti- bius, Hydropsalis, Eleothrepttcs, Trogon, Bucco, Monasa, Galbula, Furnarius, Synallaxis, Anabates, Oxyrhamphus, Dendrocolaptes, Pteroptochos, BhampJwccenus, Campylorhynclms, Hylophihis, Les- sonia, Agriomis, Formicarius, Formicivora, GraUaria, Tcenioptera, Tityra, Conopophaga, Fipra, Btipicola, Phceniccrcus, Cotinga, Gymnoderus, Cephalopterus, Vireolanius, Cyclorhis, Thamnophilus, Tanagra, Calliste, Saltator, Fuphonia, CatamblyrJiynchus, Fkyto- toma, Opistlwcomus, Ramphastos, Picumnus, Geleus, Crotophaga, Caltrides, Penelope, Oreopliasis, Crax, Thinocorus, Tinamus, Psvphia, Gariama, Furypyga, Parra, Palamedea, Ghauna, Aramns, 3ferganetta, Heliornis. 2. (Antilles.) Todus, Priotehis, Ginclocerthia, Dulus, Loxigilla, Phcenicopliihis, Spindalis, Glossiptila, Teretristis, Saurothera. 3. (Galapagos.) Certhidea, Cactornis, Camarhynchus, Geospiza. There can be no question, I think, that South America is the most peculiar of all the primary regions in the globe as to its ornithology. There are at least eight or nine distinct families of birds which are quite confined to this country, many of these em- bracing a multitude of different genera and species. The TrocJii- lidce (which are the distinguishing family of the new world par ciiipliase) are now known to be more than 320 in number, and 144 SCLATER ON THE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OE AVES* nearly the whole of them belong to tropical America, a few species only ranging into the northern portions of that continent. It is of course quite impossible to ascertain exactly the boundary be- tween the northern and southern zoological regions of the New "World ; but many of the peculiar forms of the southern division appear to extend some way up the coast-line of Southern Mexico, even north of the isthmus of Tehuantepec ; whilst northern forms range down the table-land quite into the Southern States of the Mexican Union. Thus we find one or two representatives of all the most characteristic South American groups occurring to the north of Panama, — Galbula melcmogenia representing the Galbu- lidce ; Pipra mentalis and Manacus Candcei, the Piprince ; Calliste larvata, the genus Calliste ; Cotinga amabilis, the Cotingce, and so on. The Antilles seem to be a kind of debateable ground between the two regions, but are more properly referable, I suppose, or at least the greater portion of them, to the southern region. They furnish us, however, with several peculiar genera which do not occur elsewhere. The Neotropical Eegion is without doubt, I think, rich in number of species beyond any other. A calculation which I made some short time ago of species occurring southwards of Panama gave me — 1 . Accipitres 95-a 2. Passeres 1360 3. Scansores 230 4. Columbffi 25 5. Gallinse 80 6. Struthiones 2 7. Grallse 128 8. Anseres 80 >2000 species ; J and I am decidedly of opinion that, what with taking recent addi- tions into consideration and adding on Central America, we can- not estimate the number of birds belonging to this region at less than 2250. Taking the approximate area at 5^ millions of square miles, this will give a species to each 2400 square miles. It fol- lows, therefore, that this region is more richly endowed with ornithic species than any other portion of the globe. SCLATER ON THE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF AVE3. 145 X ca eali lies 1 s s - OS nj ca o « B 3 . ,3 ca a- o V — 1 «1 8." P* c?§ 05 2 M S °- ^ to 04 1 CO i-< 70 c3 5 -a .a 03 L. 5 " cr &1 ^H © <3 & © o IcO II 'ft* ©_ © o a> v P5 •- " aj .^3 S S S .- •JUDO) . fl 'ft 3 CO 1® © ho I egio alaeot ,000 ,500 'of II Mfcg rt CO o CO ca o °5 ft >£ ~~ > 3 w o « ca a CJ '8 i© CO © ft -1 L~ o Si © c CO II CO « ** C PS g c «3 ca CB a '& s 2 . o a gratia). There are examples of both sexes in the Ley den Museum. Meliphagid^e. 29. Ptilotis similis, Puch. II. & J. Voy. au P. S. Atlas, pi. 17 ; Zool. iii. p. 89. 30. Ptilotis fumata, Mull. MS. R. Oetanata, N. G. (Mull). Mus. Lugd. 31. Ptilotis striolata, Mull. MS. R. Oetanata, N. G. (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 32. Ptilotis auriculata, Mull. MS. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. I was not aware, when I examined specimens of these three last species in the Leyden Museum, that they were undescribed, expecting to find them in the ' Verhandelingen,' &c, or I should have taken notes of them. It is not without reluctance that I insert them in my List, as I strongly disap- prove of the practice of publishing MS. names without descriptions ; but 158 SCLATER ON THE ZOOLOGY OE NEW GUINEA. in the present instance it is important to show the prevalence of this Au- stralian generic form in New Guinea. 33. Entomophila albigularis, Gould. B. Austr. iv. pi. 51. . Loho {Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 34. Tropidorhynchus mitratus, Miill. M.S. T. corniculatus, Miill. Verh. Ethn. p. 21. West coast of New Guinea, R. Oetanata (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. This is very likely to be the same species as has been lately figured by Mr. Gould as T. buceroides, Suppl. B. Austr. pt. ii. pi. 17, in which case it ought to bear that name. 35. Tropidorhynchus chrysotis, Less., sp. Philedon chrysotis, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 645, pi. 21 bis. Myzantha Jlaviventer, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 6/. Havre-Dorey (Less.); R. Oeta- nata (Miill.). Mus. Lugd. 36. Tropidorhynchus Nova Guinea, Miill. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 153. West coast of N. G. (Mull). TuRDIDiE. 37. Eupetes Ajax, Temm. PI. Col. 573; Miill. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 38. Eupetes coerulescens, Temm. PL Col. 574 ; Miill. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 39. Pitta Nova Guinea, Miill. & Schl. Verh. Zool. Aves, p. 19. P. atricapilla, Q. & G. Voy. Astrol. i. p. 258, pi. 8. fig. 3. Lobo (Miill); Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Par. 40. Pitta Mackloti, Miill. & Schl. Verh. Zool. Aves, p. 18 ; Temm. PI. Col. 547- Lobo {Mull). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 41. Pomatorhinus Isidori, Less. Voy. Coq, Zool. i. pi. 29. fig. 2. p. 680. P. Geoffroyi, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 229; Miill. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey (Less.); Lobo (Miill). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 42. Brachypteryx murinus. Myiothera murina, Miill. MS. Lobo (Mull). Mus. Lugd. Turdiros- tris murina, Bp. Consp. p. 218. There are specimens of both sexes of this bird in the Leyden Museum, coloured alike. It seems congeneric with B. capistratus (Myiothera capis- trata, Temm., PI. Col. 185, fig. 1.), and I have therefore placed it in the genus to which that bird appears to belong. The following is a short de- scription of the present species : — Supra terricolori-brunncus, cauda rufescentiore, capite laterali cineras- SCLATEIt OK THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 159 ceutiore : subtus ochraceo-rufesceus, gutture albo, ventre medio albes- cente : rostri mandibula superiore nigra, inferiore albicante ; pedibus palli- dis : long, tota 4"5. poll. angl. et dec. OlllOLID^E. 43. Mimeta striata, Q. & G. Oriolus striatus, Q. & G., Voy. Astr. i. p. 195, pi. 9. fig. 2. Oriolus me- lanotis, Mull. M.S. Mimeta melanotis, Bp. Consp. p. 346. Havre-Dorey (Q. 4" G.). New Guinea and Timor. Mus. Lugd. 44. Mimeta Mulleri, Bp. Consp. p. 346. Oriolus viridissimus, Temm. MS. Mus. Lugd. 45. Xanthomelus aureus, Linn., sp. Oriolus aureus, Linn., Le Vaill. Paradis. pi. 18. Sericulus aureus, auct. et Bp. Consp. p. 349. Gen. Xanthomelus, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 75. Mus. Paris., Lugd. et Brit. 46. Melanopyrrhus anais, Less., sp. Sericulus anais, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 44. Gen. Melanopyrrhus, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 9. Pastor nigro-cinctus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1850, p. 68. Mus. Paris, et Acad. Phil. Campephaoidi;. 47- Artamus papuensis, Bp. Consp. p. 344. Ocypterus leucorhynchus, Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 21. R. Oetanata (Mull). Mus. Lugd. 48. Graucalus Desgrazii, Puch. II. &. J. Voy. au P. S. pi. 7, tig. 1 ; Zool. lii. p. 64. Mus. Paris. 49. Graucalus melanops, Lath., sp.? Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 190; Gould, B. Austr. ii. pi. 55. West coast of N. G. (Mull). Mus. Lugd. There are specimens of a Graucalus in the Leyden Museum from New Guinea and Amboyna which are there considered to be the same as this Australian species, but I doubt the correctness of this reference. 50. Graucalus larvatus, Mull. & Schl. Ceblepyris larvata, Verh. Ethn. p. 190. Mus. Lugd. The specimens of this bird in the Leyden Museum are some of them marked "New Guinea," but Midler and Schlegel give Java as the correct habitat. 53. Graucalus papuensis, Gm., sp. Corvus papuensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 371 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 191. Lobo (Miill.). Mus. Lugd. et Par. Also in the Leyden Museum from the Banda Is., Ternate and Celebes. 1G0 SCLATER ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 54. Ptiladela Boyeri, Puch. Voy. au P. S. pi. 9. fig. 3 ; Zool. iii. p. 68. West coast of N. G. Mus. Paris. 55. Campephaga schisticeps, Puch. Ceblepyris schisticeps, Puch. Voy. au P. S. ; Zool. iii. p. 70, pi. 10. fig. 1 . West coast of N. G. Mus. Par. 56. Campephaga plumbea, Mull. & Schl. Ceblepyris plumbea, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 189. R. Oetanata (Mull). Mus. Lugd. 57- Edoliisoma melan, Mull. & Schl., sp. Ceblepyris melas, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 189 ( S ), et C. cinna- momea, ibid. ( ? ) : E. marescoti, Puch. Voy. au P. S., Zool. iii. p. 70, pi. 10. fig. 2. West coast of N. G. (H. Sf J.) ; Lobo {Puch.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 58. Dicrurus megarhynchus, Q. & G., sp. Edolius megarhynchus, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 184, pi. 6. Havre-Dorey (Q. Sy G.). Mus. Paris. 59. Dicrurus carbonarius, Mull. MS. Bp. Consp. p. 352. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. EUBYLiEMID^;. 60. Peltops Blainvillii, Garn., sp. Eurylaimus Blainvillei, Garn. Voy. Coq. i. p. 595, pi. 19; Bp. Consp. p. 169. Havre-Dorey (Gam.). Mus. Paris. Muscicapid^:. 61. Arses chrysomela, Less., sp. Muscicapa chrysomela, Less. Voy. Coq. i. pi. 18. fig. 2; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey (Less.); Lobo (Mull). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 62. Arses telescophthalma, Garn., sp. Muscicapa telescophthalma, Garn. Voy. Coq. i. p. 593, pi. 18. fig. 1 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey (Gam.). Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 63. Monarcha guttula, Garn., sp. Muse, guttula, Gam. Voy. Coq. Ois. pi. 16. fig. 2. p. 591 ; Bp. Consp. i. j). 326. Havre-Dorey. Mus. Par. 64. Monarcha inornata, Garn., sp. Muse, inornata, Garn. Voy. Coq. Ois.pl. 16. fig. 1. p. 591. Havre-Dorey (Gam.). 65. Todopsis cyanocephala, Q. & G., sp. Todus cyanocephalus, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. i. p. 227, pi. 5, fig. 4 ; Voy. au P. S. pi. 20. fig. 2; Zool. iii. p. 79. Gen. Todopsis, Bp. Notes Orn. p. SO. Havre-Dorey (Q. $ G.). Mus. Paris. SCLATEB ON T1IE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 161 66. Tchitrea Enado, Less., sp. M. Enado, Less., Voy. Coq. i. p. 643, pi. 15. fig. 2. Havre-Dorey (Less.). 67. Tchitrea Gaimardi, Less., sp. M. Gaimardi, Less., Trait. d'Orn. i. p. 386. 68. Rhipidura threnothorax, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 185. Lobo (Mull.). 69. Rhipidura rufiventris, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 185. Lobo (Mull.). 70. Rhipidura gularis, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 185. Lobo, R.Oetanata and P. Marianne's Straits (Mull.). LANIID.E. 71. Ptererythrius spinicaudus, Puch. Voy. au P. S. Zool. iii. p. 58, pi. 6. fig. 2. Gen. Pucherania, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 73. Warrior's Is., Torres Straits (H. Sf J.). Mus. Paris. 7"2. Pachycephalia lugubris, Mull. MS. R. Oetanata (Mull). Mus. Lugd. 73. Pachycephala virescens, Teram. MS. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 74. Myiolestes megarhynchus, Q. & G., sp. Muscicapa megarhyncha, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. i. pi. 3. fig. 1, p. 172; Bp. Consp. i. p. 358. Napothera elaeioides, Mull. M.S. Havre-Dorey (Q.SfG.). Mus. Lugd. 75. Myiolestes pulverulentus, Mull. MS. Bp. Consp. p. 358. Mus. Lugd. 76. Rectes cirrhocephalus, Less., sp. Vanga kirrhocephalus, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 633, pi. 11. Timalia polio- cephala, Mull. MS. Havre-Dorey (Less.) ; Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 77. Rectes dichrous, Bp., sp. Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 563. Garrulax bicolor, Mull. MS. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. c? et $ similis. Saturate rufo-cinnaniomeus, abdomine dilutiore ; capite cristato toto cum gutture, cervice, alis et cauda nigerrirnis ; rostro et pedibus nigris : long, tota 8'5, alae 3"75, caudae 3'6, poll. angl. et dec. 78. Rectes strepitans, Puch., sp. H. & J. Voy. au P. S. Ois. pi. 6. fig. 1 ; Zool. iii. p. 60. Rectes ferru- 162 SCLATEK ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. gineus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 563. West Coast of N. G. (H. fy J.); Lobo {Mull). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 79. Cracticus cassicus, Bodd., sp. PI. Enl. 628 ; unde Ramphastos cassicus, Bodd., et Coracias varia, Gm., Barita Sonnerati, Less. Trait. d'Om. i. p. 346. Barita varia, Mull. Verb. Etbn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Paris. 80. Cracticus per sonatus, Temrn. MS. Albus, plaga dorsi medii et capite toto cum gutture et pectore nigerrimis; alis caudaque nigris, secundariarum pogouiis externis et rectricum apicibus albis; rostri cserulescenti-pliunbei basi alba, pedibus nigris. Long, tota 11 "5, alse 6'7, caudse 46 poll. angl. et dec. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. Nearly allied to C. picatus (Gould B. Austr. ii. pi. 50). Perhaps not different from the former species. 81. Cracticus Quoyi, Less., sp. Barita Quoyi, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 639 ; Gould, B. Austr. ii. pi. 53. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Par. et Brit. Coevid^;. 82. Gymnocorvus senex, Less., sp. Corvus senex, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 651, pi, 24. Gymnocorvus tristis, Less. Tr. d'Orn. i. p. 327. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris. 83. Corvus Orru, Bp. Consp. i. p. 385. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris. Pabadiseid^e. 84. Manucodia chalybea, Bodd. PL Enl. 634; unde Manucodia chalybea^odd. : Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. pi. 100, unde Paradisea viridis, Scop. Phonygama viridis, G. R. Gray, et Bp. Consp. i. p. 368 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey (Less.) ; Lobo (Midi.). 85. Manucodia Keraudreni, Less., sp. Barita Keraudreni, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 636, pi. 13. Chalybceus cor- nutus, Cuv. Phony gania Lessonia,Sw. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 86. Manucodia atra, Less. Phonygama atra, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 639. Havre-Dorey (Less.). 87. Paradisea apoda, Linn. Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 526. Aroo Isl. (Lesson). Mus. Par., Lugd. et Brit. Mr. Wallace also has lately found this bird abundant at the Am Isl. I am not aware of its having been observed alive upon the mainland of New Guinea. SCLATEB ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 163 88. Paradisea papuana, Bechst. Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 446; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 70 ; Bp. Cousp. i. p. 413. Havre-Dorey (Less.) ; Lobo and r. Oetanata (Mull.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 89. Paradisea rubra, Daud. Bp. Consp. i. p. 443 ; Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 662. Waigiou (Less.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 90. Diphyllodes speciosa, Bodd., sp. PI. Enl. 631, unde P. speciosa, Bodd. : Soim. Voy. Nouv. Guin. pi. 98, unde P. magnified, Scop. Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 446. Mus. Paris, et Lugd. Skins of this bird were obtaiued by Lessou and Garnot from the natives at Havre-Dorey, but we have no record of its being found alive. 91. Diphyllodes Wilsorii, Cassin. Lophorina respublica, Bp. Compt. Rend. 1850, p. 131, etCompt. Rend. 1850, p. 291. D. respublica, Bp. Consp. p. 413. Paradisea Wilsoni, Cassin, Pr. Ac, Sc. Phil. 1850, p. 57 ; Trans. Ac. Phil. Mus. Acad. Phil- adelph., specimen unicum ! In the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' for this year (p. 6), I have stated my reasons for preferring Mr. Cassin's name to Prince Bonaparte's for this bird. 92. Cicinnurus regius, Linn. P. regia, Linn., Bp. Consp. i. p. 413; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22; Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 658. Havre-Dorey (Less.) ; Lobo and r. Oetanata (Mull.) ; Aru Isl. (Wallace). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 93. Lophorina atra, Bodd. PL Enl. 632, unde P. atra, Bodd. : Sonn. Voy. Nouv. pi. 96, unde P. superba, Scop., Bp. Consp. p. 414. Mus. Paris, et Lugd. Lesson obtained skins of this species from the natives at Havre-Dorey. 94. Parotia sexpennis, Bodd., sp. PI. Enl. 633 ; unde P. sexpennis, Bodd. ; Parotia aurea, Bp. Consp. p. 414. Mus. Paris, et Lugd. Epimachid^e. 95. Seleucides albus, Blum., sp. Bp. Consp. p. 412. Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 96. Epimachus muximus, Scop., sp. Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. pi. 101 ; unde Merops maximus, Scop., Bp. Consp. p. 412 ; Epimachus filamentosus, Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. et Paris. 164 SCLATEE ON THE ZOOLOGY OE NEW GUINEA. 97. Ptilorhis magnified, Vieill., sp. Craspedophora magnified, Bp. Consp. p. 412; Gould, Suppl. B. Austr. Mus. Paris., Lugd. et Acad. Philadelph. When examining the specimens of this bird contained in the magnificent collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I noticed considerable differences between the Australian and New Guinea examples. In the former, the pectoral patch seemed to be broader and terminated below in a semi- circular form, in the latter to be much narrower and nearly straight in its lower margin. STUBNID2E. 98. Paradigalla carunculata, Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 1 ; Voy. Bonite, Ois. pi. 1 ; Bp. Consp. p. 414; Mus. Paris, et Acad. Philadelph. 99. Astrapia nigra, Gm., sp. Bp. Consp. p. 414. Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 100. Calornis metallica, Temm. PI. Col. 266. Calornis Cantor, Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 21. Lobo {Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 101. Gracula Dumonti, Less., sp. Mino Dujnontii, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 653, pi. 25 ; Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey {Less.) ; Lobo {M till.). Mus. Lugd. et Paris. PSITTACOXE. 102. Aprosmictus amboinensis, Linn. Psitt. amboinensis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 141 ; PL Enl. 240. P. dorsalis, Q. & G. Voy. Astrol. i. p. 234, pi. 21, fig. 2; Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey {Less.) ; Lobo {Mull.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 103. Cyanorhamphus Nova Guinea, Bp. Consp. Psitt. in Cabanis' Journ. f. Orn. Prince Bonaparte has included this name in his " Table of Parrots," but 1 am not aware that he has published any description of the bird. 104. Trichoglossus cyanogr animus, Wagl. Wagl. Mon. Psitt. p. 554 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 108. West coast of N. G. {Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 105. Trichoglossus placens, Temm., sp. Psitt. placentis, Temm. PI. Col. 553 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 23. R. Oeta- nata {Mull.). Mus. Lugd. SCLATER ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 165 106. Charmosyna papuana, Scop., sp. Somi. Voy. Nonv. Guin. pi. 111. Psitt. Papua, Scop. Psitt. Papuensis, Gm. Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 630 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. 107. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 10/. Lorius domicella, Linn. Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 62/. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 108. Lorius tricolor, Stephens. PI. Enl. 168. Psitt. Lory, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 628. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris. 109. Eos squamata, Bodd., sp. PL Enl. 684 ; unde Psitt. squamatus, Bodd. Psitt. Guebiensis, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 628. Havre-Dorey et Guebe (Less.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 110. Chalcopsitta atra, Scop., sp. Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. pi. 110; unde Psitt. ater, Scop.; Psitt. Novce Guinea, Gm., Bp. P. Z, S. Mus. Lugd. 111. Chalcopsitta scintillans, Temm., sp. PL Col. 569 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. et Paris. The specimens of this bird in the Paris Museum were obtained at the Aru Isl. by MM. Hombron and Jacquinot. 112. Eclectus cardinalis, Bodd., sp. PL Enl. 518 ; unde Psitt. cardinalis, Bodd., et Psitt. puniceus, Gm. Eclectus puniceus, Bodd, Pr. Z. S. 1849, p. 143 ; Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 627. Eclectus grandis, Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey (Less.) ; Lobo (Mull.). 113. Polychlorus grandis, Gm., sp. Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. pi. 1 08 ; unde Psitt. polychloros, Scop., et Psitt. grandis, Gm. Psitt. Sinensis, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 627. Eclectus 2)olychloros, Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 22. Gen. Polyclilorus, Sclater in P. Z. S. 1857, p. 226. Lobo (Mull.) ; Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 114. Psittacodis Stavorini, Less., sp. Wagler, Mon. Psitt. p. 574, pi. 33. Psitt. Stavorini, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 628. I. Waigiou (Less.). 115. Geoffroius personatus, Shaw, sp. Psitt. batavensis, Gm. ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22, et Psitt. Geoffroyi, ibid. p. 107. Lobo (Mull.). 116. Geoffroius Pucherani, Bp. Pionus fuscicapillus, Puch. Voy. au P. S. Zool. pi. 3, p. Ill, pi. 25 bis, fig. 3. West coast of N. G. (H. # J.). Mus. Paris. 166 SCLA.TER ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA.. 117. Cyclopsitta Desmaresti, Garn., sp. Voy. Coq. i. p. 600, pi. 35 ; MUll. Verh. p. 22. Havre-Dorey {Gam.) ; Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 118. Cyclopsitta diophthalma, H. & J., sp. Ann. d. Sc. Nat. ser. ii., xvi. p. 313 ; Voy. au P. S. pi. 25*. fig. 4 et 5 ; et Zool. iii. p. 107. S. coast of N. G. Mus. Par. 119. Nasiterna pygmaa, Q. & G., sp. Psitt. pygmcBus, Q. & G. Voy. Astrol. i. p. 232, pi. 21. Micropsitta pygmaa, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 646 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. pp. 23 et 107. Havre- Dorey (Q. 8f G.) ; r. Oetanata (Mull). 120. Cacatua Triton, Temm. Coup d'ceil, s. 1. Poss. Ned. iii. p. 405. P. galeritus, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 624, et Mull. Verh. p. 21. Havre-Dorey (Less.); west coast of N. G. (Mull). Mus. Lugd. This species is very nearly allied to the C. galerita of Australia. Mr. Gould (B. Austr. vol. v. p. 1) seems to consider it as hardly different. 121. Cacatua (equator ialis, Temm. Coup d'ceil s. 1. Poss. Ned. iii. p. 405. C. sulphurea, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 625. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Lugd. 122. Microglossa aterrima, Gm., sp. Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 625. Psitt. Goliath, Mull.Verh. Ethn. p. 22 ; Gould, B. Austr. suppl. pt. i. pi. 5. Havre-Dorey et Waigiou (Less.) ; Lobo (Mull). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 123. Microglossa Alecto, Temm. Bp. Consp. i. p. 7- Mus. Lugd. Cttcttlid^:. 124. Centropus Menebeki, Garn. Voy. Coq. i. p. 600, pi. 3; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey (Less.); Lobo (Mull.). 125. Eudynamys rufiventris, Less., sp. Cuculus rufiventer, Less. Voy. Coq. i. pi. 623. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris. 126. Hierococcyx leucolophus, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. pp. 22 et 233. Lobo (Mull). Mus. Lugd. 127. Chrysococcyx lucidus, Gm. Mull. Verh. p. 21; Bp. Consp. p. 106; Gould, B. Austr. iv. pi. 39. Lobo (Mull). SCLATER ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 167 COLUMBID^. 128. Goura coronata, Linn. Bp. Consp. ii. p. 96; Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lngd. et Brit. 129. Goura Victoria, Fraser. Bp. Consp. ii. p. 96. G. Steursii, Temm. Mus. Lngd. et Brit. 130. Calcenas nicobarica, Linn., sp. Bp. Consp. ii. p. 95 ; Less. Voy. Coq. ii. p. 145. 131. Ptilonopus viridis, Linn., sp. Bp. Consp. ii. p. 24 ; Knip, Pig. pi. 17 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull). Mus. Lugd. 132. Ptilonopus Lechlancheri, Bp., sp. Trerolcema Lechlancheri, Bp. Compt. Rend. xli. p. 247. Mus. Paris, et Brit. 133. Ptilonopus cyanovirens, Less., sp. Bp. Consp. ii. p. 23 ; Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 713. pi. 42. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris. 134. Ptilonopus perlatus, Temrn., sp. PI. Col. 559; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 40; Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 135. Ptilonopus naina, Temm., sp. PI. Col. 565 ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 25 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. » 136. Ptilonopus pulchellus, Temm., sp. PI. Col. 564 ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 22 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Miill.). Mus. Lugd. 137- Ptilonopus superbus, Temm., sp. Bp. Consp. ii. p. 18; Gould, B. Austr. v. pi. 57; Miill. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Miill.). Mus. Lugd. 138. Carpophaga rnyristicivora, Scop., sp. Bp. Consp. ii. p. 31 ; Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. pi. 102 ; unde C. rnyri- sticivora, Scop. New Guinea (Scop.). 139. Carpophaga bicolor, Scop., sp. Sonn. Voy. N. Guin. pi. 103. unde C. bicolor, Scop.; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 36. New Guinea (Sonn.). Mus. Brit. 142. Carpophaga luctuosa, Temm., sp. PI. Col. 247 ; Gould, B. Austr. v. pi. 60; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 36. New Guinea (Belcher). Mus. Brit. 168 SCLATEE ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 143. Carpophaga Mulleri, Temm., sp. PI. Col. 566 ; Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 23. R. Oetanata {Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 144. Carpophaga Pinon, Q. & G., sp. Col. Pinon, Q. & G., Voy. Uranie, pi. 28. p. 118 ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 37. I. Rawak (Q. 8f G.). Mus. Paris. 145. Carpophaga Zoea, Less., sp. Col. Zoea, Less. Voy. Coq. pi. 39. p. 705 ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 38. Havre- Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris. 146. Carpophaga rufigastra, Q. & G., sp. Voy. Astrol. pi. 27, p. 245 ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 38. Havre-Dorey (Q. «$• G.). Mus. Paris. 147. Carpophaga puella, Less., sp. Col.puella, Less. Man. d'Orn. p. 1 72 ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 40 ; Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 22. R. Oetanata {Mull.). Mus. Lugd. et Brit. 148. Macropygia Doreya, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 57- Mus. Paris. 149. Geopelia humeralis, Temm., sp. PI. Col. 191 ; Gould, B. Austr. v. pi. 72; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 93. Lobo {Mull.). Mus. Lugd. et Brit. 150. Chalcophaps Stephani, Puch. Voy. au P. S. pi. 28. fig. 2; Zool. iii. p. 119; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 93. West coast of N. G. (H. fy J.) ; Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 151. Eutrygon terrestris, Puch., sp. Trugon terrestris, Puch. Voy. au P. S. Zool. iii. p. 123. pi. 28, fig. 1 ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 86. West coast of N. G. (H. fy J.). Mus. Paris. I have slightly modified the generic name of this peculiar type, Trugon, correctly written Trygon (rpvycou), having been previously used for another division by Prof. Reichenbach. STRUTHIONHLffi. 152. Casuarius Emeu, Lath., sp. Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 717; Midi. Verh. Ethn. p. 109. Havre-Dorey (Less.); S.W. coast (Milll.). MEGAPODIDjE. 153. Tuhgallu Cuvieri, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 715, pi. 38. Havre-Dorey (Less.). SCLATEE ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 10 ( J 154. Megapodius rubripes, Teram. PI. Col. 411 ; Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 23. R. Oetanata (Mull). Mus. Lugd. 155. Megapodius Freycineti, Q. & G. Voy. Uranie, Ois. pi. 32. p. 125. Isl. Waigiou and Guebe (H. $ J.). 156. Megapodius Duperreii, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 700. pi. 36. Havre-Dorey (Less.). There appears to be much confusion among the true Megapodii. In the Leyden Museum there are specimens of four distinct species : — 1 . M. Freycineti, ex Termite (Forster) ; 2. rubripes, ex Nov. Guinea et Celebes ; 3. tumulus, ex Australia; and 4. an undescribed species from Ceram. Chaeadeid^e. 157- Esacus magnirostris, G. S. Hilaire, sp. Temm. PI. Col. 387; Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 6. R. Oetanata {Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 158. Hiaticula inornata, Gould. B. Austr. vi. pi. 19. Oomaga Is., Torres Straits (Lieut. Ince) ; coast ofN. G. {Gould). 159. Glareola Isabella, Vieill. G. grallaria, Temm. ; Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 22 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 23. R. Oetanata {Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 160. Hcematojms longirostris, Vieill. Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 7- H. ostralegus, Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 21 ? Coasts of N. G. {Mull.). 161. Strepsilas iriterpres, Linn., sp. Raines Islets, Torres Straits (Gould). Aedeilve. 162. Herodias Novce Guinea, Grn., sp. Bp. Consp. ii. p. 121. Mus. Paris. 163. Botaurus heliosylus, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 722. pi. 44 ; Bp. Consp. ii. 136. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris. SCOLOPACID^!. 164. Himantopus leucocephalus, Gould. B. Austr. vi. pi. 7 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 21. Coasts of N. G. (Mull.). LINN. PEOC. — ZOOLOGY. 12 170 SCLATEB ON TIIE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 165. Numenius uropygialis, Gould. B. Austr. vi. pi. 43. N. phceopus, Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22 ? Coasts of N. G. (M»ZZ.). 166. Schceniclus albescens, Gould. B. Austr. vi. pi. 31. Tringa pusilla, Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 23. R. Oe- tanata {Mull.). 167. Tringoides empusa, Gould, sp. Actitis empusa, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 35. T. hypoleuous, Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Coasts of N. G. (Mull.). Eallid^;. 168. Parr a gallinacea, Temm. PI. Col. 427 ; Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 25. Laeidje. 169. Sterna melanauchen, Temm. PI. Col. 427 ; Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 28 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 125. Coast of N. G. (Mull.). 170. St erna velox, Riipp. ? Miill. Verh. Ethn. p. 125. West coast of N. G. (Mull.). EEEATA. Page 58, line 3, for Foemica ieeitans read Foemica hostilis. 101, erase under PELorosTis Javanus, the habitat Borneo. The species from Borneo is described in the paper on the Hymenoptera of Celebes, and named Pelopceus benigrms. INDEX. l'AG-E Accentor 137 Agathis, Latr 127 planipcnnis, Bridle . .127 Agcnia (Subgen.), Schiodte . . 94 Atalanta, Sm 94 iEgina, Sm 91 blanda, Guer. (sp.) . . 94 Daphne, Sm 95 Laverna, Sm 95 MelampuSj Sm 95 flavopicta, Sm 96 Hippolyte, Sm 96 Celreno, Sm 96 Alcedmidse 155 Alcedo 156 Alcyone 156 Ampelis 134 Ampulex, Jurine 98 hospes, Sm 98 comprcssa, Sm 99 smaragdina, Sm. ... 99 insularis, Sm 99 Andrenidse, Leach .... 42 Andrenoides 44 Antliophora, Latr 48 zonata, Lima, (sp.) . . 48 insularis, Sm 48 Apis, Linn 49 dorsata, Fair 49 indica, Fair 49 Perrottetii, Guer. ... 49 Andreniforrnis, Sm. . . 49 testacea, Sm 49 thoracica, Sm 50 — — nitidiventris, Sm. ... 50 loeviceps, Sm 51 apicalis, Sm 51 canifrons, Sm 51 collina, Sm 51 fhnbriata, Sm 52 Aprosmictus 163 Arachnothera Nova3 Guinea', Less, (sp.) 157 Archencephala 20 Ardeidae 169 Arses 160 Artamus 159 Artiodactyla 27 Asti'apia 164 Astur 15 1, 155 Atta, Latr 77 PAGE Atta penetrans, Sm 77 cingulata, Sm 67 Belidea 154 Bembex, Fair 105 Bembicidse, Westw 105 melancholica, Sm. . . . 105 Botaurus 169 Brachypteryx murinus . . .158 Bracoii, Fair 122 aculeator, Fair. . . . 122 — — quadriceps, Sm. . . . 122 suspiciosus, Sm. . . . 123 insignis, Sm 123 — — cephalotes, Sm 123 perplexus, Sm 124 vagatus, Sm 124 inquietus, Sm 124 rugifrons, Sm 125 florabs, Sm 125 vultuosus, Sm 125 foveatus, Sm 126 laboriosus, Sm 126 crassipes, Sm 126 Braconidse, Westw 122 Bruta 23 Bucconidae 133 Buceros 156 Bucerotidse 156 Cacatua 166 Caarebidas 133 Caloenas 167 Calornis 164 Campephaga 160 CampephagidaB 159 Caprimulgidoa 155 Garnivora .31 Carpopbaga 167 Casuarius 168 Cataidacus, Sm 80 insularis, Sm 80 borridus, Stn 81 reticulatus, Sm. ... 81 Centropus 166 Cerapacbys, Sm 74 antennatus, Sm. ... 74 oculatus, Sm 74 Oeratina, Latr 47 hieroglyphic;), S,n. . . . 47 flavopicta, Sm .... 47 Cerceris, Latr 107 sepidcralis, Sm 107 12* 172 INDEX. PAGE Certhia 134 Cetacea 26 Chalcididffi, Walker . . . .127 Chalcophaps 168 Chalcopsitta 165 Characbiidffi 169 Charniosyna 165 Cheiroptera 23 Chrysididse, Leach .... 128 Chrysis, Linn 128 rnalachitica, Sm. . . . 128 vestigator, Sm 128 Chrysococcyx 166 Cicinnurus 163 Coliidffi 133 Columbidse 167 Coracias 155 Coraciidse 155 Corvidse 162 Corvus 162 Cotingidse . . 133 Cotyle 134 Crabro, Fair 106 familiaris, Sm 106 rugosus, Sm 106 Crabronidse, Leach .... 105 Craoidse 133 Cracticus , .161 Crematogaster, Lund .... 75 antbi'aciiius, Sm. ... 75 brunneus, Sm 75 cephalotes, Sm. ... 75 obscurus, Sm 76 inflatus, Sm 76 difformis, Sm 76 Cryptoceriche (Subfam.) ... 79 Cryptus, Fair 118 croceipes, Sm 118 elegans, Sm 118 lepidus, Sm 119 Ctenoplectra, Smith .... 44 cbalybea, Sm 45 Cuculidse 166 Cuscus 21, 154 Cyanorharnphus 164 Cyclopsitta 166 Cynipidse, Westto 117 Cyuips insignis, Sm 117 Cypselidse 155 Dacelo 155 Dasygastra? (Subfam.) ... 45 Dendrocolaptidse 133 Dendrolagus 154 Dicasum 157 Dicrurus 160 Didelphes 10 Didelpbys 21 Diphyllodes 163 Dorcopsis (sp.) 154 Echinopla, Sm 79 PAGE Echinopla melanaretos, Sm. . 79 pallipes, Sm 80 striata, Sm 80 Eclcctus 165 Edoliisoma 160 Entomophila 158 Eos 165 Epimachidse 163 Epimachus ....... 163 Epistenia, Westw 127 imperiahs,